Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición

Ketogenic diets: additional benefits to the weight loss and unfounded secondary effects

Además de la pérdida de peso, también es importante enfatizar que las dietas cetogénicas son saludables cardiovascularmente y para el metabolismo glucídico, ya que promueven un perfil lipídico no aterogénico, el descenso de la presión arterial y disminuyen la resistencia a la insulina con una mejora en los niveles plasmáticos de glucosa e insulina. Estas dietas podrían tener efectos anticancerígenos, no tienen efectos perniciosos sobre el hígado o el riñón, no se asocian a acidosis metabólica, tienen muchas propiedades beneficiosas sobre el sistema nervioso central, no producen osteoporosis y podrían aumentar el rendimiento en la actividad deportiva de tipo aeróbico.

Ketogenic diets: additional benefits to the weight loss and unfounded secondary effects. It is also necessary to emphasise that as well as the weight loss, ketogenic diets are healthier because they promote a non-atherogenic lipid profile, lower blood pressure and diminish resistance to insulin with an improvement in blood levels of glucose and insulin. Such diets also have antineoplasic benefits, do not alter renal or liver functions, do not produce metabolic acidosis by Ketosis, have many neurological benefits in central nervous system, do not produce osteoporosis and could increase the perfomance in aerobic sports.

Comparison between references of the overweight and obesity prevalence, through the Body Mass Index, in Argentinean children

La evaluación de la situación nutricional de los niños, depende en gran medida de las curvas de crecimiento utilizadas. El objetivo de esta investigación es comparar las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad estimadas con tres referencias internacionales en una población de niños, a través del Índice de Masa Corporal. Se incluyeron 737 niños/as nacidos de término sanos, de 2 a 5 años (estudio transversal). La Participación fue voluntaria y consentida. Se estableció el Índice de Masa Corporal (kg/m²). Las técnicas de medición se basaron en guías nacionales. Las referencias utilizadas fueron: 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (>Pc85: sobrepeso; > Pc95: obesidad); 2. International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) (valores límites sexo-edad específicos) y 3. Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) (+2 desvíos estándar: sobrepeso; >+3: obesidad). Los resultados fueron evaluados estadísticamente mediante el programa Epi Info 6.0 (χ², p < 0,05%). La prevalencia de niños con sobrepeso estimada con la referencia del CDC es 1,1 veces mayor que la de IOTF y 2,33 veces la de OMS y la de IOTF es 2,1 veces la de OMS (p= 0,00001). La prevalencia de niños con obesidad estimada con la referencia del CDC es 5,4 veces la de IOTF y 23,9 veces la de OMS, mientras que la de IOTF es 4,4 veces la de OMS (p= 0,0000001). Las prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad, difieren substancialmente de acuerdo a la referencia y valores límite utilizados. No existiendo aún un criterio único, cada una de las referencias debe utilizarse con precaución.

The evaluation of child nutritional status is highly dependent on the growth charts used. The aim of this study was to compare different references assessing overweight and obesity in children population, through the Body Mass Index. A total of 737 healthy children born at term, aged 2-5 years, were included (cross-sectional study). The participation was voluntary and consent. Body Mass Index (kg/m²) was estimated. The measurements techniques were based on national guidelines. We compared three references: (1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (>Pc85: overweight; >Pc95: obesity; (2) International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) (sex-age-specific body mass index cut-offs); (3) World Health Organization (WHO) (+2 standard deviation: overweight; +3: obesity). The Epi Info 6.0 software was used to the statistical evaluation ((χ2, p≤ , 05%). The prevalence of overweight was 1,1 and 2,33 times higher in CDC application respect to the IOTF and the WHO references respectively. The prevalence of overweight was 2,1 times higher in IOTF application respect to the WHO references (p=, 00001). The prevalence of obesity was 5,4 and 23,9 times higher in CDC application respect to the IOTF and the WHO references respectively. The prevalence of obesity was 4,4 times higher in IOTF application respect to the WHO references (p=, 0000001). The prevalence of overweight and obesity, calculated through the BMI, differs substantially according to the reference and cut-off points used. In the absence of even a single criterion, each of the references should be used with care.

Risk factors associated to growth retardation in children 12 to 120 months of age in Arandas, Jalisco, México

El propósito fue identificar los factores asociados a retraso en el crecimiento en niños de una región semi-rural en Arandas, Jalisco, México. En estudio transversal analítico se incluyeron 432 niños de 12 a 120 meses. Se analizaron variables sociales, demográficas, económicas, dietéticas y patológicas. Se utilizó la puntuación Z del índice talla/edad (< -1 DE y < - 2 DE) para evaluar el déficit de crecimiento. Con la prueba de chi cuadrada y la razón de momios (IC 95%) se estimaron los factores de riesgo y protección. Los factores de riesgo fueron: > tres niños en la familia [RM 1.71 (1.01, 2.87)], consumo de sodas azucaradas > 4 veces por semana [RM 2.36 (1.19-4.73), ingreso familiar mensual < 200 USA dólares [RM 3.5 (1.28, 9.76)] y gasto per cápita en alimentación < 10% de un salario mínimo (100 USA dólares al mes) [RM 1.81 (1.06, 3.09)]; edad < 24 meses [RM 2.02 (1.09, 3.75)], adición de azúcar al biberón [RM 8.56 (1.84, 54.9)], modificación de la dieta durante la diarrea [RM 2.40 (1.02, 5.77)] ingestión de leche < 4 veces a la semana [RM 2.71 (1.55, 4.73)] y casi significativo: consumo de frijoles [RM 1.75 (0.98, 3.13)]. Factores de protección: familia nuclear [RM 0.28 (0.09, 0.85)] y dilución adecuada de la fórmula de alimentación [RM 0.71 (0.60, 0.85)]. En el modelo de regresión los factores de riesgo fueron: consumo de sodas, frijoles y adición de azúcar u otros edulcorantes al biberón.

The purpose was to identify risk factors associated to deficit on linear growth in children from a semi-rural population in Arandas, Jalisco, Mexico. In a cross sectional study 432 children, 12 to 120 months old were included. Social, demographic, economical, dietetic and pathological characteristics and deficit in the height /age index (< - 1 and - 2 z score) were considered. A chi square test and Odds Ratio (CI 95%) to identify the risk and protection factors were also obtained. Risk factors for height/age deficit were: > 3 children in the family [OR 1.71 (1.01, 2.87)], soft drinks consumption > 4 times a week [OR 2.36 (1.19-4.73)], familys monthly income < 200 USA dollars [OR 3.5 (1.28, 9.76)] and per capita food expenses < 10% of a minimum salary (100 USA dollars a month) [OR 1.81 (1.06, 3.09)]; age < 24 months [OR 2.02 (1.09, 3.75)], adding sweeteners to the bottle [OR 8.56 (1.84, 54.9)], diet modification during diarrhea [OR 2.40 (1.02, 5.77)], milk intake < 4 times a week [OR 2.71 (1.55, 4.73)] and nearly significant, bean consumption [1.75 (0.98, 3.13). Protection factors: nuclear family [OR 0.28 (0.09, 0.85)] and an adequate infant formula dilution [OR 0.71 (0.60, 0.85)]. In multivariate models associated factors to deficit of height were higher consumption of soft drinks, beans and the addition of sweeteners to the bottle. In addition to socioeconomic variables, lower consumption of high quality food and proteins and higher intake of legumes were important risk factors for mild and moderate deficit height/age.

Overweight and obesity in brazilian schoolchildren aged 10 to 15 years: data from a Brazilian sports project

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Brazilian schoolchildren according to gender, age and geographic region. A descriptive association study was conducted on 36,976 schoolchildren (20,914 boys and 16,062 girls aged 10 to 15 years) between 2004 and 2005 using secondary data originating from a school-based cross-sectional epidemiological survey. The cut-off body mass index proposed by the International Obesity Task Force was used as diagnostic criterion for overweight and obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 11.9% and 2.6%, respectively, with a higher proportion of overweight among girls and of obesity among boys. An association was observed between overweight, age and region, with the demonstration of higher odds ratios for overweight among children aged 10 to 13 years and children from the South, Center-West and Southeast regions. Obesity was significantly associated with gender, age and region, indicating higher odds ratios among boys, children aged 10 to 13 years and children from the South and Southeast regions. Although lower than that observed in most developed countries, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Brazilian schoolchildren is a matter of concern. In this respect, health policies and strategies should take into account gender and age of the individuals and geographic region of the country.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em escolares brasileiros, de acordo com sexo, idade e região geográfica. Trata-se de estudo descritivo e de associação, baseado em dados secundários originados de estudo epidemiológico transversal, de base escolar, conduzido em 36.976 escolares (20.914 do sexo masculino e 16.062 do sexo feminino; 10 a 15 anos), entre 2004 e 2005. Como critério de diagnóstico de sobrepeso e obesidade, utilizou-se os pontos de corte do índice de massa corporal, propostos pela International Obesity Task Force. A prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade foi de 11,9% e 2,6%, respectivamente, com proporção mais elevada de sobrepeso no sexo feminino, e de obesidade, no masculino. Foi encontrada associação entre sobrepeso, idade e região, demonstrando que as odds ratios para sobrepeso são maiores nas idades de 10 a 13 anos e nas regiões Sul, Centro-Oeste e Sudeste. A obesidade foi significativamente associada com sexo, idade e região. Esses achados apontaram que as odds ratios para obesidade foi maior nos escolares do sexo masculino, nas idades de 10 a 13 anos e nas regiões Sul e Sudeste. A prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade encontrada nos escolares brasileiros, apesar de ser menor do que a encontrada na maioria dos países desenvolvidos é preocupante. Políticas e estratégias de saúde devem considerar o sexo, idade e região geográfica do país.

Altered nutritional status and its association with lipid profile and lifestyle in hypertensive elders

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a freqüência de obesidade central e generalizada e sua associação com perfil lipídico e hábitos de vida em idosos hipertensos, cadastrados no Sistema HiperDia em Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, comparativo e associativo realizado em uma população de 131 sujeitos (60 a 92 anos), os quais foram divididos em grupos, por sexo; masculino (n=34) e feminino (n=97), e por idade; 60 a 69 (n=59), 70 a 79 (n=58) e = 80 (n=14). Foram realizadas avaliações bioquímicas e antropométricas e entrevista contendo informações sobre diagnóstico médico, dados sócio-econômicos, demográficos e hábitos de vida. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva e na análise comparativa, Teste t de Student ou ANOVA One-Way. Para associação utilizou-se o Teste Exato de Fisher ou Qui-quadrado. Dos entrevistados, 75,8% eram sedentários. Entre os homens, a freqüência de sobrepeso foi de 14,7% e de obesidade de 11,8%, já entre as mulheres, de 24,7% e 21,6%, respectivamente. Na análise da Relação-Cintura-Quadril - RCQ observou-se que 76,3% das mulheres e 26,5% dos homens apresentaram valores acima dos recomendados. Para a Circunferência da Cintura - CC, 95,9% das mulheres e 52,9% homens mostraram risco elevado. A Circunferência Abdominal - CA de 95,9% das mulheres e 38,2% dos homens apresentou valores de indicativos de risco. Somente os homens apresentaram associação estatisticamente significativa da RCQ e CA com Índice de Massa Corpórea (= 30 Kg/m2), indicando obesidade centralizada (p=0.0480) e (p=0.0040), respectivamente. Os resultados apontam uma alta freqüência de sobrepeso e obesidade centralizada associada com sedentarismo.

The objective of this study was to verify the frequency of central and generalized obesity and its association with lipid profile and lifestyle in hypertensive elders enrolled in HiperDia System in Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil. This cross-sectional comparative and associative study was performed on a sample of 131 hypertensive elders (range: 60 to 92 years). They were divided into groups by sex (masculine) n=34 and (feminine) n=97, and by age (60 to 69) n=59, (70 to 79) n=58 and (= 80) n=14. Anthropometric and biochemical assessments and interviews containing information about medical diagnosis and socioeconomic, demographic, and lifestyle characteristics were performed. A descriptive statistics analysis was used and in the comparative analysis we used Student´s t test or One-way Anova. To the association we used Fisher´s Exact test or Chi-square test. Seventy-five point eight percent of who were interviewed were sedentarians. Men showed frequencies of 14.7% of overweight and 11.8% of obesity, and women showed frequencies of 24.7% and 21.6%, respectively. In the Waist-to-hip ratio - WHR analysis it was observed that 76.3% of women and 26.5% of men showed inadequate values. Considering the Waistline measurement - WM, 95.9% of women and 52.9% of men showed high risk. Considering the Abdominal circumference - AC, 95.9% of women and 38.2% of men showed values that indicated risk. Only men showed significative association between WHR, AC and Body Mass Index = 30 Kg/m2, that indicated central obesity, (p=0.0480) and (p=0.0040), respectively. Results point to a high frequency of overweight and central obesity associated with sedentarism.

Eating behavior disorders in Chilean infants, according to socioeconomic level

Las alteraciones de la conducta alimentaria son frecuentes en niños; pero se conocen poco sus características en niños/as Latinoamericanos y sus diferencias por estrato socioeconómico (ESE). El objetivo fue caracterizar las alteraciones de la conducta alimentaria (ACA) en lactantes chilenos según ESE bajo (ESEB) o medio alto (ESEMA). Se estudiaron prospectivamente 67 niños/as(as) (4-24 m) de Santiago, Chile; el grupo estudio (GE) lo constituyeron 34 niños/as(as) consultando por signos de ACA, de los cuales 18 fueron de ESEB y 16 de ESEMA; el grupo control (GC) se constituyó por 33 niños/as(as) sin ACA, pareados por edad, sexo y ESE con el GE, (15 niños/as de ESEB y 18 de ESEMA). Se aplicó una encuesta semiestructurada a la madre o cuidador. Como resultados, el GE tuvo menor puntaje z peso/edad (z P/E) en ambos ESE (GE: -0,9 ± 1,0; GC: +0,5 ± 0,9; p=0,0001); en el ESEB fue menor la talla/edad (z T/E) del GE (GE -1,0 ± 1,0 vs GC -0,3 ± 0,8; p=0,01) y el peso de nacimiento (PN) (GE= 3,1 ± 0,5 kg; GC=3,6 ± 0,4 kg; p=0,001). En el ESEMA, en el GE hubo más niños/as con lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) 4m y las madres trabajaban más horas diarias que en el GC (7,6 ± 4,1 vs 5,4 ± 1,8 h/día; p=0,007). Como conclusiones: los lactantes con alteraciones de la conducta alimentaria tuvieron menor z P/E y z P/T (independiente del estrato socioeconómico). En el estrato socioeconómico bajo ellos presentaron menor peso de nacimiento y menor puntaje z T/E que los controles. En los estratos socioeconómicos medio-altos fueron más los niños/as con alteraciones de la conducta alimentaria que presentaban lactancia materna abreviada y sus madres trabajaban más horas fuera del hogar, que los controles.

The eating behavior disorders in infants (EDI) are frequently diagnosed in children; however, information about their characteristics or differences by socioeconomic level (SL) in Chile and Latin America, are missing. The objective was to characterize the urban Chilean infants with EDI, according to socioeconomic level. Sixty seven children were studied (4-24 months of age). The study group (SG) was constituted by 34 children attending clinics because of EDI: 18 belonged to low SL (LSL) and 16 to middle or high income groups (MHSL). Thirty three without EDI served as controls (CG), and were paired by age, gender and SL with SG (15 of them belonged to LSL and 18 to MHSL). A semi structured survey was applied to parents or caretakers. Children from LSL were studied at Primary Health Care Centers and those from MHSL at private clinics. The results showed: the mean weight/age z-score (W/A) was lower in the SG especially in LSL (SG: -0.9 ± 1.0; CG: 0.5 ± 0.9; p=0.0001), the height/age z-score (z H/A) in SG was: -1.0 ± 1.0 and in CG was: -0.3 ± 0.8; p=0.01) and the birth weight was SG=3.1± 0.5 kg; CG=3.6 ± 0.4 kg; (p=0,001), were lower only for the SG of LSL. In the MHSL, exclusive breast feeding ≤ 4m was more frequent in the SG than the CG and the mothers worked more hours daily outside of their homes (7,6 ± 4,1 vs 5,4 ± 1,8 h/d; p=0,007). As conclusions, the Chilean infants with eating behavior disorders had lower z W/A and lower z W/L than those with no EDI, independent of socioeconomic level. The infants of LSL with EDI also had lower z H/A and also lower birth weight than controls. In the medium-high socioeconomic level, those with eating disorders presented shorter breast feeding (≤ 4m) and their mothers worked more hours daily outside of their homes, than those without eating disorders.

Relationship between serum lipids and status of vitamin C and E as antioxidants in Venezuelan elderly people

En el envejecimiento se observa tendencia a hiperlipidemias, cambios en la distribución de lipoproteínas y una declinación del sistema de defensa antioxidante del organismo. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar concentraciones séricas de colesterol total, fracciones, triglicéridos y Vitaminas C y E. Se evaluaron 61 adultos mayores de 60 años de edad, de enero-marzo, 2006. Se diagnosticó estado nutricional por IMC; se determinaron niveles séricos de triglicéridos (TG), colesterol total (CT) y fracciones (HDL-c y LDL-c), (método enzimático), Vitamina C (método colorimétrico) y Vitamina E (HPLC). Se utilizaron valores de ATPIII como referencia para riesgo de TG, CT, HDL, LDL-c; vitamina C: > 0,9 mg/dL (normal), < 0,9mg/dL (déficit); vitamina E: >1300 µg/dL (normal), =1300 µg/dL (déficit). Se calculó consumo dietario de vitaminas C y E por método de pesada directa tres días/semana. Según IMC, 19,7% presentó déficit nutricional, 39,3% sobrepeso y 11,5% obesidad. TG, CT, LDL-c en riesgo para el sexo femenino y HDL-c para ambos sexos. La prevalencia de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares fue: TG (45,2%), HDL-c (51,1%), LDL-c (52,5%), deficientes de vitamina C (9,8%) y E (90,2%). El consumo y niveles séricos de vitamina E en déficit en ambos sexos. No hubo asociación entre las variables. Correlación significativa y positiva entre TG, CT, LDL-c, vitamina E sérica e IMC. El grupo femenino presentó sobrepeso, hipertrigliceridemia e hipercolesterolemia, HDL-c y LDL-c en riesgo y el grupo total estado de vitamina E deficiente, importantes factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular en este grupo etario.

During aging there is a tendency towards hyperlipidemia and changes in the distribution of lipoproteins. A decline in the functioning of the bodys antioxidant defense system is also observed at this time. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between serum concentrations of total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, and Vitamins C and E. 61 adults over 60 years of age were evaluated from January to March, 2006. Nutritional status was diagnosed by BMI (WHO); serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and fractions (HDL-c and LDL-c) were determined by enzyme method; Vitamin C (colorimetric method) and Vitamin E by HPLC. ATPIII values were used as a reference for risk of TG, TC, HDL, LDL-c, vitamin C:> 0.9 mg/dL (normal), <0.9 mg/dL (deficit); vitamin E: =1300 µg/dL (normal), 1300 = µg /dL (deficit). Consumption of vitamins C and E were estimated by the direct weighing method 3 days per week. According to BMI, 19.7% had nutritional deficit, 39.3% overweight, and 11.5% obesity. TG, TC, LDL-c levels were at risk in females, and HDL-c in both genders. Prevalence of risk for heart disease was: TG (45.2%), HDL-c (51.1%), and LDL-c (52.5%). Consumption and serum levels of vitamin E were low in both genders. There was no association between variables. A significant and positive correlation between TG, TC, LDL-C, serum vitamin E, and BMI was observed. The female group showed overweight, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, HDL-c and LDL-c at risk, and vitamin E deficiency, all of which are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease in this age group.

Calcium intake nutritional status in breastfeeding women

El objeto del presente estudio fue analizar las dietas de 39 mujeres (edad media = 34.3 años; IMC medio = 26.2 kg/m²) sanas y con lactancia exclusiva, mediante Encuesta Dietética de Recordatorio de 24 horas y utilizando el software Dial®, centrándonos en el aporte diario de calcio y vitamina D. La población a estudio se agrupó en función de si su ingesta en calcio era mayor (no restrictivas) o menor (restrictivas) a la Ingesta de Referencia para la Población según la Unión Europea. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron inicialmente que en un 64% de dicha población (restrictivas) el aporte energético seguía una tendencia deficitaria, siendo de 2042.7 ± 458.3 kcal. Además su ingesta de calcio (812.4 ± 211.2 mg/día) fue inferior (p<0.01) a la recomendada, así como la ingesta en vitamina D, en donde su aporte diario también fue deficitario (1.71 ± 1.59 µg/día) respecto al resto de la población (no restrictivas). Tras estos resultados, se puede concluir que un alto porcentaje de estas madres se encuentra por debajo de las recomendaciones nutricionales durante su etapa de lactancia, siendo aconsejable que fueran informadas por los profesionales sanitarios sobre los hábitos alimentarios requeridos en este periodo.

The aim of this study was to analyze the diets of 39 healthy, lactating women (average age = 34.3 years; average BMI = 26.2 kg/m²) by a 24-hour dietary recall. This investigation was focused on calcium and vitamin D intake. Nutrients were estimated using the software Dial®. These participants were divided into calcium restrictors, defined as calcium intake <1200 mg/day, and non-restrictors (>1200 mg/day). The results showed that 64% of the study population (restrictors) reported a mean energy intake (2042.7 ± 458.3 kcal), calcium intake (812.4 ± 211.2 mg/day) and vitamin D intake (1.71 ± 1.59 µg/day) below the adequate intake level (AI) and lower than non-restrictors estimated intakes (p<0.01). The conclusion of this study is that a high percentage of the lactating women consume a diet below nutritional recommendations during this stage. It is recommended that health professionals should inform these mothers about the correct dietary habits during this period.

The effect of consuming quality protein maize or conventional maize on the growth and morbidity of malnourished Nicaraguan children 1 to 5 years of age

Maíz de alta calidad de proteína (Quality Protein Maize, en inglés, QPM), con el doble de triptófano y lisina que el maíz convencional, ha mejorado el estado nutricional de niños severamente desnutridos. Su impacto en el crecimiento y morbilidad de niños con desnutrición leve o moderado fue estudiado en este ensayo clínico doble ciego. En un centro de desarrollo infantil nicaragüense se identificaron 48 niños desnutridos (con > 2 indicadores <-1 Z para peso-edad, talla-edad o peso-talla) de 1 a 5 años. Fueron asignados aleatoriamente a consumir un complemento formulado con maíz QPM o convencional por 5 días/semana y durante 3.5 meses. QPM influyó de manera positiva en el crecimiento de los niños: peso (0.80 vs. 0.19 kg ganados de línea de base al final, entre el grupo QPM y convencional, respectivamente), talla (2.02 vs. 1.23 cm en QPM vs. convencional) y punto Z para peso-edad (0.17 vs. -0.26 Z en QPM vs. convencional) y talla-edad (0.06 vs. -0.23 Z en QPM vs. convencional). Al controlar factores que podrían influir en el aumento de peso, talla, punto Z de peso-edad y talla-edad, el grupo de intervención (QPM>convencional) fue un factor importante estadísticamente (P<0.01). Sin embargo, el complemento con QPM no afectó de manera estadísticamente significativa (P>0.05) la incidencia de enfermedades diarreicas agudas (EDAs) e infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRAs) sufridas durante la intervención. En conclusión, el maíz QPM mejora el estado nutricional de pre-escolares mayoritariamente leve o moderadamente desnutridos, pero no influye en la incidencia de EDAs o IRAs.

Quality protein maize (QPM), with twice the amount of tryptophan and lysine than conventional maize, has improved the nutritional status of severely malnourished children. This double-blind clinical study evaluated the impact of QPM on the growth and morbidity of mild and moderately malnourished children. In a Nicaraguan day care center, 48 children 1 to 5 years old who were malnourished (> 2 indicators with <-1 Z for weight-age, height-age or weight-height) were identified and randomly assigned to consume for 5 days/week for 3.5 months a snack prepared with QPM or conventional maize. QPM positively influenced childrens growth: weight (0.80 vs. 0.19 kg gained from baseline to endline between the QPM and conventional maize groups, respectively), height (2.02 vs. 1.23 cm in QPM vs. conventional) and Z score for weight-age (0.17 vs. -0.26 Z in QPM vs. conventional) and height-age (0.06 vs. -0.23 Z in QPM vs. conventional). When other factors that could affect growth with respect to weight, height, weight-age Z score and height-age Z score were controlled for, the intervention group (QPM>conventional) was a statistically important factor (P<0.01). The QPM snack, however, had no effect on the incidence of diarrheal episodes or respiratory infections. In conclusion, QPM improves the nutritional status of pre-school children who are mild or moderately malnourished but has no effect on the incidence of diarrheal episodes or respiratory infections.

Use of bioelectrical impedance for the estimation of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men

O presente estudo tem como objetivos: a) verificar a concordância entre os métodos da impedância bioelétrica (BIA) e da absortometria radiológica de dupla energia (DEXA), para a estimativa da massa muscular esquelética (MME); b) analisar o poder preditivo das variáveis antropométricas e de BIA para predição da MME em idosos. Foram avaliados 60 homens idosos (61 a 80 anos), residentes na região Sul do Brasil. Mensuraram-se as variáveis antropométricas (massa corporal e estatura), as variáveis de resistência e hidratação dos tecidos livres de gordura foram medidas pela técnica da BIA tetrapolar (Biodinamics - BF-310), realizou-se também um scan de corpo inteiro através da DEXA (LUNAR PRODIGY DF + 14319 Radiation e software 7.52.002 DPX-L). A diferença entre os métodos foi verificada pelo teste t, análise dos resíduos e o coeficiente de correlação. O valor preditivo das variáveis antropométricas e de BIA foi verificado pela regressão Linear Múltipla. Observou-se que a BIA superestimou em média 0,6 kg (dp= 1,59) a MME, quando comparada com a DEXA, contudo não houve diferença estatística (p<0,05). Foi observada uma forte relação entre os métodos (r=0,90; p<0,01). A análise de regressão demonstrou que a variável EST²/R explica 86% da variação da MME, quando ajustada para massa corporal e idade e esta relação é independente das variáveis de gordura corporal, hidratação dos tecidos livres de gordura e IMC. Assim, nota-se que o método da BIA, aqui testado, é válido para a estimativa da MME em homens idosos e seus valores podem ser melhor preditos pelo modelo de regressão proposto a partir da medida de EST²/R ajustada para a massa corporal e idade.

The aim of the present study was twofold: a) to determine the agreement between bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for the estimation of skeletal muscle mass (SMM), and b) to analyze the predictive power of anthropometric variables and BIA for the prediction of SMM in the elderly. Sixty elderly men (61 to 80 years) from the southern region of Brazil were studied. Anthropometric variables (body weight and height) were measured, the resistance and hydration of fat-free tissues variables were determined by tetrapolar BIA (BF-310, Biodynamics). A whole body DEXA scan was also performed (Lunar Prodigy DF + 14319 Radiation and 7.52.002 DPX-L software). Differences between methods were analyzed using the t-test, analysis of residues and correlation coefficient. The predictive value of the anthropometric variables and BIA was evaluated by multiple linear regression. BIA overestimated SMM on average by 0.60 kg (sd=1.59) when compared to DEXA, however, no statistical difference was observed (p>0.05). There was a strong correlation between methods (r=0.90; p<0.01). Regression analysis demonstrated that the Ht²/R variable explained 86% of the variation in SMM when adjusted for body weight and age, and this relationship did not depend on body fat, hydration of fat-free tissues or BMI. Thus, BIA as tested here is a valid method for the estimation of SMM in elderly men and its values can be best predicted using the regression model proposed, which included Ht²/R adjusted for body weight and age.

Validation of a dietary habits questionnaire related to fats and sugars intake

El objetivo de este estudio fue validar un instrumento sicométrico para medir las prácticas alimentarias asociadas al consumo de grasas y azúcares en una población de adultos con sobrepeso y obesidad, utilizando la teoría clásica de los Test. El constructo en evaluación fue los hábitos alimentarios y se utilizaron las dimensiones teóricas de exclusión, modificación, sustitución y reemplazo, las cuales fueron definidas previamente en estudios semejantes, realizados en otros países. El instrumento se validó con 139 adultos, hombres y mujeres, con índice de masa corporal mayor o igual a 25. La validez del constructo para cada dimensión del instrumento se obtuvo por medio del análisis de factores. El cuestionario final quedó constituido por 47 ítems y la confiabilidad mostró un a-Cronbach de 0,948, lo cual indica una consistencia interna altamente satisfactoria. A partir de los datos del gráfico de sedimentación y del análisis de factores, de las cuatro dimensiones de la conducta teóricas propuestas los ítems se fusionaron en dos que se renombraron eliminación y modificación; la varianza acumulada para ambas fue de 58%. El a-Cronbach para la dimensión de eliminación fue 0,906 y para modificación 0,873, que indica una elevada confiabilidad en la medición del constructo. Los resultados evidencian la necesidad de adaptar los instrumentos foráneos a nuestro contexto sociocultural antes de utilizarlos en intervenciones orientadas a modificar los patrones alimentarios; ya que éstos están interrelacionados con otros aspectos de la misma cultura.

The objective of this study was to design and validate a psychometric tool to measure dietary practices related to the intake of fats and sugars in a sample of overweight and obese adults. Classical test theory was applied. The validated construct was dietary habits, and the following theoretical dimensions were utilized: exclusion, modification, substitution and replacement. These had been previously defined in similar studies conducted in other countries. The tool was validated with 139 adults, males and females, with body mass indexes equal to or higher than 25. Construct validity for each section of the tool was obtained through factor analysis. The final tool was made up of 47 items. Cronbachs Alpha reliability coefficient was 0.948, which indicates a highly satisfactory internal consistency. Using sediment graph data and factor analysis of the four proposed theoretical dimensions of behavior, items were fused into two dimensions with a cumulative variance of 58%. These were renamed elimination and modification. Cronbachs Alphas were 0,906 and 0,873, respectively, indicating a high level of reliability for construct measurement. Results show the need to adapt foreign tools to our socio-cultural context before utilizing them in interventions intended to modify dietary patterns, since these are interrelated to other aspects of the culture itself.

**Inactivated pea flour (Pisum sativum) in bread making**

La harina de arveja (Pisum sativum) es una fuente proteica de relativo bajo costo y escasamente utilizada en la elaboración de productos de consumo masivo. Su incorporación a la harina de trigo, en la elaboración de productos panificados, ofrece una buena alternativa para complementar un perfil de aminoácidos. En este trabajo se evalúa el efecto de la inactivación enzimática de la arveja sobre las características de los panes de molde formulados con niveles de sustitución de 5%, 10% y 15%. Se efectuaron determinaciones de proteínas y de lisina y por cálculo se obtuvieron los valores de score químico, siendo la lisina el aminoácido limitante. La evaluación sensorial se realizó con un panel de seis evaluadores entrenados y se aplicó el Análisis Descriptivo Cuantitativo. Los puntajes asignados por el panel fueron procesados estadísticamente mediante Análisis de Varianza al nivel de significación p = 0,05. La actividad residual de lipoxigenasa para el tratamiento térmico de un minuto fue de 48.6% mientras que para un minuto y medio resultó prácticamente nula (2.1%). En cuanto al efecto del tratamiento térmico de la arveja sobre el volumen específico, se aprecia que el mejor resultado se obtiene cuando el tiempo de tratamiento térmico es de un minuto. A su vez la valoración sensorial del panel asignó los mayores puntajes a los panes con nivel de sustitución de 5% de harina de arveja, para ambos tiempos de tratamiento térmico (1.0 y 1.5 min). Mayores porcentajes de harina de arveja producen un efecto negativo sobre el volumen y sobre los atributos sensoriales del pan.

Pea flour (Pisum sativum) is a relatively cheap protein source and it is scarcely utilized in making widely consumed products. It provides a good opportunity to improve the amino acidic profile. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the enzymatic inactivation of pea on bread characteristics, made with levels of 5, 10 and 15% of pea flour. Protein and lysine contents were determined and then chemical score obtained considering lysine as limiting amino acid. Sensory evaluation was carry out by six trained panelists using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p = 0.05. Residual lipoxygenase activity was 48.6% when heat treatment was made during 1 minute, and only 2.1% when the heat treatment was carry out during 1.5 minutes. Highest specific volumes of bread were obtained with pea flour treated during 1 minute. The sensory evaluation by panel determined that pea flour at a level of 5% could be successfully substituted for both heat treatments. But pea flour substitution at levels of 10 and 15% had adverse effects on specific volume and sensory characteristics.

Effect of increased protein content on nutritional and sensory quality of cookies

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto de la incorporación de proteínas de suero caseario y de harina de soja sobre los parámetros de calidad de galletitas dulces (cookies). A partir de los resultados obtenidos se define una formulación con un contenido y calidad proteica superior a las formulaciones comerciales y con aceptable calidad sensorial. Se utilizó una formulación de galletitas para molde rotativo, adaptable al sistema de laminación y corte en planta piloto. Sobre la base de esta formulación se realizó el reemplazo parcial de harina de trigo por concentrado proteico de suero caseario y harina de soja. Se utilizó el método de superficie de respuesta para analizar la influencia de estos factores sobre: proteína total, lisina disponible por 16 gramos de nitrógeno total, lisina disponible por 100 gramos de muestra, pérdida de lisina disponible durante el procesamiento y puntaje en evaluación sensorial. El incremento del contenido de agua en la formulación tuvo como efecto un aumento de los valores de lisina disponible por provocar un retardo en el desarrollo de la reacción de Maillard, siendo el 23% su óptimo de utilización Los valores óptimos de reemplazos con harina de soja y concentrado proteico de suero caseario (CPSC) fueron de 13% y 3% respectivamente. Se concluye que la incorporación de harina de soja en galletitas dulces permite un aumento tanto del contenido proteico como de la calidad de la proteína resultante, mientras que, el agregado de CPSC produce un aumento del contenido proteico pero genera una importante disminución de la calidad de estas proteínas debido a la pérdida de disponibilidad de lisina.

The objective of this work was to study the effect of soy flour and whey protein concentrate (WPC) on cookies quality. An optimal recipe showing improved protein quality and content as well as acceptable sensory quality was defined taking into account the results obtained. Rotary moulded cookie formulation adaptable to lamination and cutting in pilot plant was used. Wheat flour from this formulation was partially replaced by whey protein concentrate and full fat soy flour. Second order models were employed to generate response surfaces for: total protein, lysine by 16 grams of total nitrogen, lysine by 100 grams of sample, loss of lysine during processing and sensory evaluation of cookies. We could obtain an effect on available lysine value when water content was increased in the formulation because a delay in the Maillard reaction. The optimal formulation contains 13% of full fat soy flour, 3% of whey protein concentrate and 23% of water. The results demonstrated that the protein content and the protein quality of the supplemented flours were increased when soy flour was added in the formulation of cookies. On other hand, protein content was increased but protein quality was decreased when WPC was used, because of available lysine loss.

Chemical composition of fresh bee pollen collected in the Misintá páramo from the Venezuelan Andes

El polen apícola venezolano no ha sido caracterizado, y su comercialización no está normalizada. El polen es consumido con fines de apiterapia por sus propiedades nutricionales y medicinales. Este producto de la colmena es el más popular después de la miel de abejas; por eso es necesario caracterizarlo y valorizarlo para iniciar una base de datos que sustente la propuesta de una norma para el control de calidad del polen apícola. Se caracterizaron muestras de polen recolectado por abejas en el páramo de Misintá del estado Mérida, según la composición química (humedad, cenizas, extracto etéreo, pH, proteínas) de cuatro fracciones de color (amarillo, anaranjado, ocre, verde). La fracción más frecuente fue el polen amarillo, con 2,18 g cenizas/100g, 5,37 g extracto etéreo/100 g, 14,88 g humedad/100 g y 37,32 g proteínas/100 g.

Venezuelan bee pollen has not been characterized, and marketing is not regulated. Pollen is consumed for apitherapeutical purposes for its nutritional and medicinal properties. This product of the hive is the most popular after honey; therefore it is necessary to characterize and to value it to initiate a database to support the proposal of a norm for bee pollen quality control. Samples of bee pollen collected by bees in the Misintá páramo of Mérida state were characterized accoridng to the chemical composition (moisture, ash, fat, pH, proteins) of four color fractions (yellow, orange, ochre, green). Yellow pollen was the most frequent fraction, with 2,18 g ash/100g, 5,37 g ether extract/100 g, 14,88 g moisture/100 g, and 37,32 g proteins/100 g.

**Chemical characterization of the jabuticaba fruits (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg) and their fractions**

A jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg) é uma fruta nativa brasileira e pouco se conhece sobre os constituintes químicos nas diversas partes do fruto, principalmente, em relação aos compostos bioativos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a composição centesimal e alguns compostos bioativos no fruto inteiro e nas frações da jabuticaba de duas variedades (Paulista e Sabará). O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 x 3, sendo 4 fatores, fruto inteiro, casca, polpa e semente; 2 variedades de jabuticabas e 3 repetições. Os frutos foram colhidos, selecionados, pesados, sanitizados, separados em fruto inteiro, casca, polpa e semente, que foram triturados, congelados e liofilizados até peso constante. Os teores de proteína bruta e extrato etéreo foram baixos. Os teores de cinzas não variaram entre as frações, exceto para as cascas da variedade Sabará que apresentaram os maiores teores. As fibras alimentares apresentaram diferença significativa entre as frações, não variando entre as duas variedades. As cascas apresentaram os maiores teores: 33,80 g/100g na Paulista e 33,23 g/100g na Sabará, sendo o maior percentual de fibras insolúveis. O maior teor de extrato não nitrogenado foi encontrado na polpa e o menor na casca, não se diferenciando entre as variedades. Quanto aos compostos bioativos, foram analisados saponinas, ácido oxálico, inibidor de tripsina, polifenóis e lectinas. Destes apenas os polifenóis nas frações casca apresentaram níveis elevados, necessitando de caracterizá-los, a fim de se verificar se o fruto é seguro para ser usado na indústria alimentícia.

Jabuticaba, Myrciaria cauliflora Berg, is a native Brazilian fruit; very little is known about the chemistry of its components, specially the bioactives compounds. The purpose of this paper was to determine the centesimal composition and some bioactives compounds of the whole fruit and fractions of two varieties of jabuticaba (Paulista and Sabará). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design on a 4 x 2 x 3 factorial scheme (4 factors: whole fruit, skin, pulp and seed; 2 varieties: Paulista e Sabará, and 3 replicates). The fruits were sampled, selected, weighted, sanitized and fractionated into whole fruit, skin, pulp and seed that were grinded, frozen and lyophilized to a constant weight. Protein contents and of ether extract were low for all fractions. The ash contents indicate elevated levels of minerals, specially on the Sabará variety. The content of alimentary fibers differed widely among fractions, with no differences between varieties. The skin fractions presented the highest levels of fiber, 33.80 g/100g on Paulista and 33.23 g/100g on Sabará, most of it was insoluble fibers. The greatest amount of non nitrogen extract was found in the pulp fraction, while the lowest was found in the skin, with no differences between varieties. Regarding bioactives compounds, only polyphenols were presented at considerable levels in all the fractions but the pulp one, showing the need for better characterization before using the fruit in the food industry.