<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0004-0622</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[ALAN]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0004-0622</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0004-06222002000300010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Propriedades funcionais de material colagenoso de pés de frango]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Geres Tavares Alves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sandra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prudencio-Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sandra Helena]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Estadual de Londrina Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos e Medicamentos Centro de Ensino Superior de Maringa]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>289</fpage>
<lpage>293</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0004-06222002000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0004-06222002000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0004-06222002000300010&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Material colagenoso foi obtido de peles e tendões desengordurados com éter etílico e tratados com soluções de NaCl 0,05M e NaCl 0,6M. Uma parte deste material foi seca a 35° C em estufa ventilada e a outra liofilizada. O conteúdo de colágeno no material seco a 35° C foi de 77,2g/100g e no liofilizado de 76,7g/100g. Os materiais desidratados apresentaram o mesmo comportamento de capacidade de formação de gel e retenção de água a frio. A capacidade emulsificante do material seco a 35° C foi superior a do liofilizado. O colágeno do material liofilizado apresentou maior solubilidade em água a 70° C e em ácido acético 0,5M. Força do gel, estabilidade da emulsão e retenção de água a 60° C foram maiores no material liofilizado. Os resultados indicam o potencial de uso destes materiais como ingrediente funcional em produtos cárneos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Functional properties of collagenous material from chicken feet. Collagenous material was obtained from chicken feet skins and tendons, defatted with ethylic ether and treated with 0.05M and 0.6M NaCl solutions. Part of the material was dried at 35° C in a forced air convection oven and another was freeze-dried. The air dried material had 77.2g/100g of collagen and the freeze-dried material 76.7g/100g. Both dehydrated materials showed the same behaviour for gel formation and cold water holding capacity. The material air dried had higher emulsifying capacity than the freeze-dried one. The collagen of freeze-dried material had higher solubility in 0.5M acetic acid and water at 70° C than air dried material. Gel strenght, emulsion stability and water holding capacity at 60° C were higher for freeze-dried material. The results indicate the potential use of these materials as functional ingredients in meat products.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Propriedades funcionais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[colágeno]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[frango]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Functional properties]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[collagen]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[chicken]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[   <B>    <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font size="4" face="Times New Roman">Propriedades funcionais de material colagenoso de p&eacute;s de frango</font></P> </B> <I>    <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Sandra Geres Tavares Alves, Sandra Helena Prudencio-Ferreira</font></P> </I>     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Centro de Ensino Superior de Maring&aacute; – CESUMAR. Universidade Estadual de Londrina – UEL, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos e Medicamentos</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">RESUMO.</font></B> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> Material colagenoso foi obtido de peles e tend&otilde;es desengordurados com &eacute;ter et&iacute;lico e tratados com solu&ccedil;&otilde;es de NaCl 0,05M e NaCl 0,6M. Uma parte deste material foi seca a 35&#176; C em estufa ventilada e a outra liofilizada. O conte&uacute;do de col&aacute;geno no material seco a 35&#176; C foi de 77,2g/100g e no liofilizado de 76,7g/100g. Os materiais desidratados apresentaram o mesmo comportamento de capacidade de forma&ccedil;&atilde;o de gel e reten&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua a frio. A capacidade emulsificante do material seco a 35&#176; C foi superior a do liofilizado. O col&aacute;geno do material liofilizado apresentou maior solubilidade em &aacute;gua a 70&#176; C e em &aacute;cido ac&eacute;tico 0,5M. For&ccedil;a do gel, estabilidade da emuls&atilde;o e reten&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua a 60&#176; C foram maiores no material liofilizado. Os resultados indicam o potencial de uso destes materiais como ingrediente funcional em produtos c&aacute;rneos.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Palavras chave: </font> </B><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Propriedades funcionais, col&aacute;geno, frango.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">SUMMARY.&nbsp;</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> Functional properties of collagenous material from chicken feet. </font> </B><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Collagenous material was obtained from chicken feet skins and tendons, defatted with ethylic ether and treated with 0.05M and 0.6M NaCl solutions. Part of the material was dried at 35&#176; C in a forced air convection oven and another was freeze-dried. The air dried material had 77.2g/100g of collagen and the freeze-dried material 76.7g/100g. Both dehydrated materials showed the same behaviour for gel formation and cold water holding capacity. The material air dried had higher emulsifying capacity than the freeze-dried one. The collagen of freeze-dried material had higher solubility in 0.5M acetic acid and water at 70&#176; C than air dried material. Gel strenght, emulsion stability and water holding capacity at 60&#176; C were higher for freeze-dried material. The results indicate the potential use of these materials as functional ingredients in meat products.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Key words: </font> </B><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Functional properties, collagen, chicken.</font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Recibido: 08-03-2001</font> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Aceptado: 05-06-2002</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">INTRODU&Ccedil;&Atilde;O</font></P> </B>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Al&eacute;m de seu tradicional uso industrial na produ&ccedil;&atilde;o de gelatina, o col&aacute;geno &eacute; pouco usado como um ingrediente funcional. Provavelmente o maior impedimento para o uso seja sua insolubilidade, ent&atilde;o presume-se que tenha pouca atividade funcional (1).</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tecidos ricos em col&aacute;geno s&atilde;o importantes para estabilizar emuls&otilde;es e fornecer propriedades texturais em hamb&uacute;rgueres, ling&uuml;i&ccedil;as, salsichas e mortadelas. A mol&eacute;cula de col&aacute;geno &eacute; 60% hidrof&oacute;bica e durante o processamento de produtos c&aacute;rneos em temperaturas de 60 a 65<SUP>o</SUP>C, as fibras colagenosas come&ccedil;am encolher, desnaturar e gelatinizam, tornando-se capazes de encapsular a gordura (2,3).</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tecidos conjuntivos de subprodutos c&aacute;rneos podem ser um potencial agente ligante de &aacute;gua em produtos c&aacute;rneos mo&iacute;dos com baixo teor de gordura. A convers&atilde;o de tecido conjuntivo em gelatina por aquecimento, com subsequente adi&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua, forma um gel que se incorporado a esses produtos pode melhorar o rendimento, textura e palatabilidade (4,5).</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O aumento de consumo de produtos processados e com valor agregado de frangos gera um grande volume de componentes de carcassa sub-utilizados tais como, pele, cora&ccedil;&atilde;o, moela, p&eacute;s e carne mecanicamente separada, que s&atilde;o ricos em col&aacute;geno (6).</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; H&aacute; pouca informa&ccedil;&atilde;o sobre a utiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o de tecido conjuntivo ou de col&aacute;geno desses componentes. A convers&atilde;o do col&aacute;geno de p&eacute;s de frango em gelatina foi estudada por Bobis &amp; Greser (7,8) e Tawfeek (9,10). Bonifer et al. (11) e Osburn &amp; Mandigo (5), demonstraram o uso potencial de pele na manufatura de produtos c&aacute;rneos com baixo teor de gordura como agente ligante de &aacute;gua e modificador de textura.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Este trabalho teve como objetivos extrair material colagenoso de peles e tend&otilde;es de p&eacute;s de frango e determinar as propriedades de solubilidade do col&aacute;geno a quente e em meio &aacute;cido, capacidade de reten&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua a quente e a frio, capacidade de forma&ccedil;&atilde;o e for&ccedil;a de gel, capacidade emulsificante e estabilidade da emuls&atilde;o dos materiais colagenosos seco a 35<SUP>o</SUP>C e liofilizado.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">MATERIAIS E M&Eacute;TODOS</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Obten&ccedil;&atilde;o do material colagenoso</font></P> </B>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Dois lotes de amostras de p&eacute;s de frango foram obtidos em um frigor&iacute;fico local. Os p&eacute;s foram lavados em &aacute;gua corrente, imersos em solu&ccedil;&atilde;o de hipoclorito de s&oacute;dio a 50 ppm durante uma hora e enxaguados com &aacute;gua destilada. A pele e os tend&otilde;es foram separados dos ossos com aux&iacute;lio de um bisturi, triturados e desengordurados com &eacute;ter et&iacute;lico. O material foi tratado com solu&ccedil;&otilde;es de cloreto de s&oacute;dio 0,05M e 0,6M (12), lavado exaustivamente com &aacute;gua destilada e centrifugado durante 30 minutos a 18.000 x g. Uma parte do precipitado foi liofilizada e a outra seca em estufa ventilada a 35&#176; C. Os materiais foram triturados em um moinho tipo faca e classificados em malha de 0,59mm.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Composi&ccedil;&atilde;o centesimal</font></P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Os teores de umidade , cinzas,  lip&iacute;deos e prote&iacute;nas foram determinados, conforme os m&eacute;todos da AOAC (13). O fator de convers&atilde;o usado para prote&iacute;nas foi 5,36 (14). O conte&uacute;do de col&aacute;geno foi determinado pela an&aacute;lise de hidroxiprolina (15). O fator 8,0 foi usado para converter o conte&uacute;do de hidroxiprolina em col&aacute;geno.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Propriedades funcionais</font></P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A solubilidade do col&aacute;geno em &aacute;cido ac&eacute;tico 0,5M foi determinada nas concentra&ccedil;&otilde;es de 1:40 e 1:150 (p/v, amostra/solvente) de acordo com Montero et al. (16). A medida da solubilidade em &aacute;gua a 70&#176; C foi realizada na concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o de 1:150 (p/v) e seguiu o m&eacute;todo de Montero &amp; Border&igrave;as (17).Os resultados foram expressos como porcentagem de col&aacute;geno sol&uacute;vel em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o ao conte&uacute;do de col&aacute;geno total na amostra.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A capacidade de reten&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua foi medida a frio e ap&oacute;s aquecimento a 60&#176; C, na concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o de 1:30 (p/v) pelo m&eacute;todo descrito por Montero et al. (17). O resultado foi expresso como grama de &aacute;gua retida por grama de res&iacute;duo seco.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A capacidade de forma&ccedil;&atilde;o de gel foi avaliada segundo o m&eacute;todo descrito por Montero &amp; Border&igrave;as (17). As concentra&ccedil;&otilde;es estudadas foram 1:30, 1:50, 1:100, 1:150, 1:180, 1:200 (p/v). A forma&ccedil;&atilde;o do gel foi verificada pela invers&atilde;o do tubo de ensaio. A for&ccedil;a do gel preparado na concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o de 1:30 foi medida por meio de um textur&ocirc;metro (Stevens LFRA), onde um penetr&ocirc;metro tipo TA 10 a 1mm/seg foi inserido 10 mm no gel. A for&ccedil;a do gel foi expressa em Newton.</font> </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A capacidade emulsificante do col&aacute;geno sol&uacute;vel em &aacute;cido ac&eacute;tico 0,5M na concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o de 1:40 (p/v) foi avaliada pelo m&eacute;todo descrito por Montero &amp; Border&igrave;as (1). O resultado foi expresso como volume de &oacute;leo gasto por miligrama de col&aacute;geno sol&uacute;vel. A estabilidade foi medida em uma emuls&atilde;o preparada com 80% do volume de &oacute;leo gasto na medida da capacidade emulsificante utilizando o m&eacute;todo de Yasumatsu et al. (18). O resultado foi expresso como a porcentagem de emuls&atilde;o remanescente ap&oacute;s aquecimento e centrifuga&ccedil;&atilde;o.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Delineamento experimental e an&aacute;lise estat&iacute;stica</font></P> </B>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">O experimento com o material &quot;<I>in natura</I>&quot; seguiu o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Para os experimentos com os materiais desidratados utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, onde os processos de desidrata&ccedil;&atilde;o foram os tratamentos e os lotes foram os blocos. O esquema fatorial de tratamentos foi utilizado para as medidas de solubilidade do col&aacute;geno e capacidade de reten&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua. A signific&acirc;ncia dos resultados foi testada por an&aacute;lise de vari&acirc;ncia (ANOVA) por meio do teste F e aplicado o teste Tukey de compara&ccedil;&atilde;o de m&eacute;dias, utilizando-se o programa estat&iacute;stico SAS (19).</font></P> <B>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">RESULTADOS E DISCUSS&Atilde;O</font></P> </B>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">A composi&ccedil;&atilde;o centesimal de peles e tend&otilde;es &quot;<I>in natura</I>&quot; dos dois lotes de amostras foi diferente quanto aos teores de prote&iacute;nas, lip&iacute;deos e cinzas <a href="#t1">(Tabela 1)</a>, a obten&ccedil;&atilde;o manual do material pode ter causado a diferen&ccedil;a.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><a name="t1"></a>TABELA 1</font></P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Composi&ccedil;&atilde;o qu&iacute;mica do material (peles e tend&otilde;es de p&eacute;s de frango) &quot;in natura&quot; (g/100g)*</font></P> </B>     <CENTER><TABLE BORDER="1" CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=4> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"> <FONT SIZE=3>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Constituintes</font></FONT></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP"> <FONT SIZE=3>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Lote 1</font></FONT></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP"> <FONT SIZE=3>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Lote 2</font></FONT></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Umidade</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Prote&iacute;nas** (b. s)</font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Lip&iacute;deos (b. s)</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Cinzas (b. s)</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">65,39</font><SUP><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">a</font></P> </SUP>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">61,69b</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">46,30a</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">0,71a</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">63,52a</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">64,11a</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">39,78b</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">0,61b</font></TD> </TR> </TABLE> </CENTER>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<blockquote>       <blockquote>         <blockquote>           <blockquote>             <blockquote>               <blockquote>             <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">* Valores m&eacute;dios de tr&ecirc;s determina&ccedil;&otilde;es.</font> </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">** Fator de convers&atilde;o = 5,36.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">b. s. = base seca.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">M&eacute;dias acompanhadas pela mesma letra, na mesma linha, n&atilde;o apresentam diferen&ccedil;a significativa (Tukey, p &#163;  0,05).</font></P>           </blockquote>         </blockquote>       </blockquote>     </blockquote>   </blockquote> </blockquote>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">O rendimento de materiais colagenosos desidratados foi de cerca de 16% em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o ao peso de peles e tend&otilde;es &quot;<I>in natura</I>&quot;<I>.</I> Obtiveram-se materiais desidratados com alto conte&uacute;do de col&aacute;geno. O processo de liofiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o foi mais eficiente para retirada de &aacute;gua do material e resultou num produto com maior teor de lip&iacute;deos <a href="#t2">(Tabela 2)</a>.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><a name="t2"></a>TABELA 2</font></P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Composi&ccedil;&atilde;o qu&iacute;mica do material colagenoso seco a 35&#176; C e liofilizado de p&eacute;s de frango*</font></P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">(g/100g)</font></P> </B>    <CENTER><TABLE BORDER="1" CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=4> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" rowspan="2"> <FONT SIZE=3>    <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Constituintes</font></FONT></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2> <FONT SIZE=3>    <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Material colagenoso</font></FONT></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD VALIGN="TOP"> <FONT SIZE=3>    <P><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Seco a 35ºC</font></FONT></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP"> <FONT SIZE=3>    <P><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Liofilizado</font></FONT></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Umidade</font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Prote&iacute;nas** (b. s)</font></P>     <P><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Col&aacute;geno (b. s)</font></P>     <P><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Lip&iacute;deos (b. s)</font></P>     <P><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Cinzas (b. s)</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">15,06</font><SUP><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">a</font></P> </SUP>    <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">86,35a</font></P>     <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">77,20a</font></P>     <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">9,14b</font></P>     <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">0,61a</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">11,29b</font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">85,59a</font></P>     <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">76,68a</font></P>     <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">9,78a</font></P>     <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">0,59a</font></TD> </TR> </TABLE> </CENTER>     <blockquote>       <blockquote>         <blockquote>           <blockquote>             <blockquote>               <blockquote>           ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">* Valores médios       de dois lotes, com três repetições cada um.</font></p>           <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">** Fator de       conversão = 5,36.</font></p>           <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">b. s. = base       seca.</font></p>           <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Médias       acompanhadas pela mesma letra, na mesma linha, não apresentam diferença       significativa (Tukey, p £ 0,05).</font></p>           </blockquote>         </blockquote>       </blockquote>     </blockquote>   </blockquote> </blockquote>      <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Durante o processo de secagem, &agrave; medida que a &aacute;gua evapora ocorre diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o do di&acirc;metro dos poros e capilares do material, e consequentemente h&aacute; um encolhimento do mesmo. O fluxo de &aacute;gua do interior do produto at&eacute; a sua superf&iacute;cie, leva consigo os solutos n&atilde;o vol&aacute;teis que se depositam sobre a mesma prejudicando a remo&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua do material, devido &agrave; forma&ccedil;&atilde;o de camadas duras e imperme&aacute;veis em sua superf&iacute;cie. No processo de liofiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o esses fen&ocirc;menos n&atilde;o ocorrem e o material mant&eacute;m sua forma e tamanho originais, facilitando a remo&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua (20).</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">A solubilidade do col&aacute;geno, nas tr&ecirc;s condi&ccedil;&otilde;es avaliadas, foi menor para a amostra seca a 35&#176; C. A medida em meio &aacute;cido na amostra liofilizada foi superior quando determinada na concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o de 1:40, e n&atilde;o houve diferen&ccedil;a entre os valores obtidos nas duas concentra&ccedil;&otilde;es testadas na amostra seca a 35&#176; C. Houve um aumento significativo da solubilidade quando as amostras foram aquecidas a 70&#176; C em meio aquoso <a href="#t3">(Tabela 3)</a>.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><a name="t3"></a>TABELA 3</font></P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Solubilidade do col&aacute;geno presente no material seco a 35 &#176; C e liofilizado de p&eacute;s de frango*</font></P> </B>    <CENTER><TABLE BORDER="1" CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=4> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP"> <FONT SIZE=3>    <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Solubilidade**</font></FONT></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2> <FONT SIZE=3>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Material colagenoso</font></FONT></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">&nbsp;</TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP"> <FONT SIZE=3>    <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Seco a 35ºC</font></FONT></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP"> <FONT SIZE=3>    <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Liofilizado</font></FONT></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Meio &aacute;cido (1:40)</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">3,31b B</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">6,45a B</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Meio &aacute;cido (1:150)</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">2,20b B</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">4,00a C</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Meio aquoso a 70 oC (1:150)</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">53,64b A</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">66,09a A</font></TD> </TR> </TABLE> </CENTER>     <blockquote>       <blockquote>         <blockquote>           <blockquote>           <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">* Valores m&eacute;dios de dois lotes, com tr&ecirc;s repeti&ccedil;&otilde;es cada um.</font> </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">** % de col&aacute;geno sol&uacute;vel em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o ao conte&uacute;do de col&aacute;geno total na amostra.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">M&eacute;dias acompanhadas, por letras min&uacute;sculas iguais, na mesma linha, n&atilde;o apresentam diferen&ccedil;a significativa (Tukey, p &#163;  0,05).</font></P>           <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">M&eacute;dias acompanhadas por letras mai&uacute;sculas iguais, na mesma coluna, n&atilde;o apresentam diferen&ccedil;a significativa (Tukey, p       &#163;  0,05).</font></P>       </blockquote>     </blockquote>   </blockquote> </blockquote>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">A amostra liofilizada apresentou capacidade de reten&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua superior a da amostra seca a 35&#176; C na medida feita a 60&#176; C. Os valores obtidos na avalia&ccedil;&atilde;o realizada a 60&#176; C foram superiores aos obtidos na medida a frio, tanto para o material seco a 35&#176; C quanto para o liofilizado <a href="#t4">(Tabela 4)</a>. Estes resultados est&atilde;o de acordo com os de Ranganayaki et al. (21), que observaram um aumento acentuado na hidrata&ccedil;&atilde;o do col&aacute;geno de couro bovino quando aquecido em meio aquoso.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><a name="t4"></a>TABELA 4</font></P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Capacidade de reten&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua do material colagenoso seco a 35 &#176; C e liofilizado de p&eacute;s </font><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">de frango*</font></P> </B>     <CENTER><TABLE BORDER="1" CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=4> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" rowspan="2"> <B><FONT SIZE=3>    <P align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Capacidade de reten&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua **</font></FONT></B></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2> <B><FONT SIZE=3>    <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Material colagenoso</font></FONT></B></TD> </TR> <TR> <TD VALIGN="TOP"> <B><FONT SIZE=3>    <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Seco a 35 ºC</font></FONT></B></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP"> <B><FONT SIZE=3>    <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Liofilizado</font></FONT></B></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Frio</font> </TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">4,06a B</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">4,56a B</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">60 oC</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">27,74b A</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">30,02a A</font></TD> </TR> </TABLE> </CENTER>     <blockquote>       <blockquote>         <blockquote>           <blockquote>         <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">* Valores m&eacute;dios de dois lotes, com tr&ecirc;s repeti&ccedil;&otilde;es cada     um.</font></p>         <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">** g de &aacute;gua / g de res&iacute;duo seco.</font></p>         ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">M&eacute;dias acompanhadas por letras min&uacute;sculas     iguais, na mesma linha, n&atilde;o apresentam diferen&ccedil;a significativa     (Tukey, p     &#163;  0,05).</font></p>         <p ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">M&eacute;dias acompanhadas por letras mai&uacute;sculas     iguais, na mesma coluna, n&atilde;o apresentam diferen&ccedil;a significativa     (Tukey, p     &#163;  0,05).</font></p>       </blockquote>     </blockquote>   </blockquote> </blockquote>      <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">As diferen&ccedil;as na solubilidade e capacidade de reten&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua dos materiais podem ser, pelo menos em parte, o resultado de altera&ccedil;&otilde;es sofridas na macroestrutura dos materiais durante a desidrata&ccedil;&atilde;o. As camadas duras formadas durante a desidrata&ccedil;&atilde;o pelo calor/ar s&atilde;o planas e n&atilde;o porosas prejudicando a reidrata&ccedil;&atilde;o do material. Enquanto que amostras liofilizadas apresentam estrutura tipo &quot;caixa de abelha&quot;, isto &eacute;, com poros abertos que facilitam a reidrata&ccedil;&atilde;o dos materiais (22).</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Al&eacute;m dessas altera&ccedil;&otilde;es na macroestrutura, a desidrata&ccedil;&atilde;o a 35&#176; C pode ter provocado a desnatura&ccedil;&atilde;o da mol&eacute;cula de col&aacute;geno. Com o desentrela&ccedil;amento da tripla h&eacute;lice, a hidrofobicidade de superf&iacute;cie da mol&eacute;cula aumentou e favoreceu a agrega&ccedil;&atilde;o das cadeias modificadas, diminuindo a superf&iacute;cie de hidrata&ccedil;&atilde;o e a intera&ccedil;&atilde;o com a &aacute;gua e consequentemente a solubilidade. No processo de liofiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o estas altera&ccedil;&otilde;es est&atilde;o minimizadas (23).</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A maior por&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua retida &eacute; presa fisicamente, assim o encolhimento e poss&iacute;vel agrega&ccedil;&atilde;o das mol&eacute;culas de col&aacute;geno durante a secagem a 35&#176; C provocou diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o do espa&ccedil;amento entre as cadeias polipept&iacute;dicas e colaborou para a menor capacidade de reten&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Os materiais seco a 35&#176; C e liofilizado apresentaram o mesmo comportamento de forma&ccedil;&atilde;o de gel at&eacute; a concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o de 1:100 <a href="#t5">(Tabela 5)</a>. Quando o col&aacute;geno &eacute; aquecido em solu&ccedil;&atilde;o ocorre o encolhimento das suas fibrilas, havendo um desalinhamento das fibras e colapso do arranjo em tripla h&eacute;lice das subunidades polipept&iacute;dicas na mol&eacute;cula de col&aacute;geno. Durante esse processo muitas liga&ccedil;&otilde;es n&atilde;o covalentes, algumas liga&ccedil;&otilde;es covalentes inter e intramoleculares (liga&ccedil;&otilde;es cruzadas) e poucas liga&ccedil;&otilde;es pept&iacute;dicas s&atilde;o quebradas. Isso resulta na convers&atilde;o da estrutura helicoidal do col&aacute;geno a uma forma mais amorfa, parcialmente desnaturada e mais sol&uacute;vel. Ocorre o aumento da capacidade de reten&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua, que consequentemente levar&aacute; &agrave; forma&ccedil;&atilde;o de gel (24).</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><a name="t5"></a>TABELA 5</font></P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Capacidade de forma&ccedil;&atilde;o e for&ccedil;a de gel do material colagenoso seco a 35 &#176; C e liofilizado de</font></B> <B><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">p&eacute;s de frango</font> </P> </B>     <CENTER><TABLE BORDER="1" CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=4 width=370> <TR><TD width="113" VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=3>     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o</font></TD> <TD width="192" VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Material colagenoso</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD width="113" VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=3>     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Seco a 35ºC</font></TD> <TD width="192" VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2>     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Liofilizado</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD width="62" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Forma&ccedil;&atilde;o</font></TD> <TD width="109" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">For&ccedil;a (N) *</font></TD> <TD width="64" VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2>     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Forma&ccedil;&atilde;o</font></TD> <TD width="83" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">For&ccedil;a (N)*</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD width="62" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1:30</font></TD> <TD width="109" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">+</font></TD> <TD width="64" VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2>     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1,19b</font></TD> <TD width="83" VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">+</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD width="62" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1:50</font></TD> <TD width="109" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">+</font></TD> <TD width="64" VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2>     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Nd</font></TD> <TD width="83" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">+</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD width="62" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1:100</font></TD> <TD width="109" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">+</font></TD> <TD width="64" VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2>     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Nd</font></TD> <TD width="83" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">+</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD width="62" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1:150</font></TD> <TD width="109" VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">-</font></TD> <TD width="64" VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2>     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">-</font></TD> <TD width="83" VALIGN="TOP">       <p ALIGN="center">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> </TR> <TR><TD width="62" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1:180</font></TD> <TD width="109" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">-</font></TD> <TD width="64" VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2>     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">-</font></TD> <TD width="83" VALIGN="TOP">       <p ALIGN="center">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> </TR> <TR><TD width="62" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1:200</font></TD> <TD width="109" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">-</font></TD> <TD width="64" VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2>     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">-</font></TD> <TD width="83" VALIGN="TOP">       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p ALIGN="center">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> </TR> </TABLE> </CENTER>     <blockquote>       <blockquote>         <blockquote>           <blockquote>      <P><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">+ = positivo para forma&ccedil;&atilde;o de gel. &#45;  = negativo para forma&ccedil;&atilde;o de gel.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">* Valores m&eacute;dios de dois lotes, com tr&ecirc;s repeti&ccedil;&otilde;es cada um.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">M&eacute;dias acompanhadas pela mesma letra, na mesma linha, n&atilde;o apresentam diferen&ccedil;a significativa (Tukey, p &#163;  0,05).</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Nd = n&atilde;o determinado</font></P>       </blockquote>     </blockquote>   </blockquote> </blockquote>      <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">O gel obtido a partir do material liofilizado foi mais forte, pois esta amostra possu&iacute;a col&aacute;geno mais sol&uacute;vel a quente do que o col&aacute;geno do material seco a 35&#176; C, apresentando maior concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o prot&eacute;ica em solu&ccedil;&atilde;o, havendo portanto a possibilidade de maior intera&ccedil;&atilde;o prote&iacute;na-prote&iacute;na durante o resfriamento com a forma&ccedil;&atilde;o de uma estrutura tridimensional respons&aacute;vel pelo gel mais resistente (<a href="#t3">Tabelas 3</a> e <a href="#t5">5</a>).</font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">As propriedades emulsificantes foram avaliadas em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; fra&ccedil;&atilde;o de col&aacute;geno sol&uacute;vel em meio &aacute;cido. O material seco a 35&#176; C, apresentou capacidade emulsificante maior que o material liofilizado <a href="#t6">(Tabela 6)</a>. O col&aacute;geno do material seco a 35&#176; C por ser menos sol&uacute;vel, estava presente em menor quantidade na al&iacute;quota utilizada para a medida, e provavelmente com as mol&eacute;culas mais desdobradas e com poucas liga&ccedil;&otilde;es intermoleculares, assim expondo as regi&otilde;es hidrof&oacute;bicas e melhorando a capacidade emulsificante (1).</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><a name="t6"></a>TABELA 6</font></P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Propriedades emulsificantes do material colagenoso seco a 35 &#176; C e liofilizado de p&eacute;s de frango*</font></P> </B>    <CENTER><TABLE BORDER="1" CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=4 height="162" width="410"> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2 height="19" width="178"> <FONT SIZE=3>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Propriedades emulsificantes</font></FONT></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2 height="19" width="170"> <FONT SIZE=3>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Material colagenoso</font></FONT></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=4 height="19" width="360"> <FONT SIZE=3>    <P>                                                            <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">                                                            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Seco a 35ºC</font></FONT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <FONT SIZE=3>Liofilizado</FONT></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" height="19" width="210"> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Capacidade emulsificante**</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2 height="19" width="48"> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">69,93a</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP" height="19" width="112">     <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">30,96b</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" height="19" width="210"> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Estabilidade da emuls&atilde;o***</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=2 height="19" width="48"> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">87,30b</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP" height="19" width="112">     <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">88,89a</font></TD> </TR> </TABLE> </CENTER>     <blockquote>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<blockquote>         <blockquote>           <blockquote>           <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">* Valores m&eacute;dios de dois lotes, com tr&ecirc;s repeti&ccedil;&otilde;es cada um.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">** mL de &oacute;leo gasto / mg de col&aacute;geno sol&uacute;vel.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">*** % de emuls&atilde;o remanescente em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; quantidade total da emuls&atilde;o.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">M&eacute;dias acompanhadas pela mesma letra, na mesma linha, n&atilde;o apresentam diferen&ccedil;a significativa (Tukey, p &#163;  0,05).</font></P>       </blockquote>     </blockquote>   </blockquote> </blockquote>      <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">O col&aacute;geno do material colagenoso liofilizado sendo mais sol&uacute;vel, estava presente em maior quantidade na al&iacute;quota usada para o teste, assim durante a forma&ccedil;&atilde;o da emuls&atilde;o houve maior intera&ccedil;&atilde;o prote&iacute;na-prote&iacute;na resultando na forma&ccedil;&atilde;o de um filme interfacial mais coeso e viscoel&aacute;stico que ofereceu mais estabilidade a emuls&atilde;o (25).</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Foi poss&iacute;vel obter material colagenoso de p&eacute;s de frango com elevado teor de col&aacute;geno. O material colagenoso liofilizado apresentou resultados superiores para as propriedades funcionais avaliadas com exce&ccedil;&atilde;o das capacidades emulsificante, reten&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;gua a frio e de forma&ccedil;&atilde;o de gel. Os resultados indicam o potencial de material colagenoso de p&eacute;s de frango como ingrediente funcional em produtos c&aacute;rneos.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="left"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">REFER&Ecirc;NCIAS</font></P> </B>      ]]></body>
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