<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0004-0622</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[ALAN]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0004-0622</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0004-06222004000300001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Efeitos terapêuticos dos fitosteróis e fitostanóis na colesterolemia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Silvia L. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Heliênia F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carvalho Garbi Novaes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria Rita]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kiyomi Ito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de Brasília Faculdade de Ciencias da Saude Departamento de Nutriçao]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Fundaçao de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ciencias da Saude Faculdade de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Brasília-DF ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brasil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>257</fpage>
<lpage>263</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0004-06222004000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0004-06222004000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0004-06222004000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Os ésteres de esterol e estanóis vegetais são reconhecidos como componentes "funcionais" dos alimentos por apresentarem propriedades hipocolesterolêmicas. Os fitosteróis são compostos esteróis osbtidos de óleos vegetais. Neste estudo foi realizado uma análise críticarevisão de estudos experimentais e clínicos recentes, publicados em base de dados Medline e Lilacs, abordando a ação farmacológica dos fitoesteróis e fitoestanóis na colesterolemia. Os efeitos hipocolesterolemiantes são observados pela ingestão de doses maciças, em dose única ou múltipla, de até 2,5 g/dia destes compostos. O consumo diário por durante quatro semanas tem evidenciado a redução dos níveis sanguíneos de colesterol total (CT) e LDL-colesterol (LDL-c) em cerca de 10%. O mecanismo de ação na diminuição da colesterolemia se deve, possivelmente, à sua semelhança estrutural com o colesterol, o que favorece uma competição na absorção intestinal, entre ésteres de esterol e/ou estanol e o colesterol. Efeitos adversos da suplementação de fitosteróis e fitostanóis ocasionaram a diminuição da absorção de algumas vitaminas e antioxidantes lipossolúveis.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Therapeutic effects of phytosterols and phytostanols in cholesterolemia. Plant sterol and stanol esters are called "functional" compounds due to their hypocholesterolemic properties. The objective of this review is to update recent findings concerning the effect of phytosterols in the blood cholesterol, emphasizing the results from experimental and human studies. The hypocholesterolemic effect is observed with the intake of 2.5g/day of phytosterols or phytostanols. Daily intake, usually of stanols, for 4 weeks has shown to to be effective in lowering blood total- as well as LDL-cholesterol by about 10%. The mechanism of action in lowering blood cholesterol comes from their structural similarity to cholesterol, hence they act by competing with cholesterol at the luminal absorption site. The adverse effects of a high intake of phytosterols and phytostanols are the lower absorption of some liposoluble vitamins and antioxidants.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Fitosteróis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[fitostanóis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[colesterolemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pphytosterols]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phytostanols]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[blood cholesterol]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[   <B><FONT SIZE=4>    <P ALIGN="CENTER">Efeitos terap&ecirc;uticos dos fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is na colesterolemia</P> </B></FONT><I>    <P ALIGN="CENTER">Silvia L. C. Martins1 , Heli&ecirc;nia F. Silva1 , Maria Rita Carvalho Garbi Novaes2 , Marina Kiyomi Ito1</P> </I>    <P ALIGN="CENTER">Departamento de Nutri&ccedil;&atilde;o. Faculdade de Ci&ecirc;ncias da Sa&uacute;de. Universidade de Bras&iacute;lia1. Faculdade de Medicina. Funda&ccedil;&atilde;o de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ci&ecirc;ncias da Sa&uacute;de. Bras&iacute;lia-DF, Brasil2</P> <B>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">RESUMO</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Os &eacute;steres de esterol e estan&oacute;is vegetais s&atilde;o reconhecidos como componentes "funcionais" dos alimentos por apresentarem propriedades hipocolesterol&ecirc;micas. Os fitoster&oacute;is s&atilde;o compostos ester&oacute;is osbtidos de &oacute;leos vegetais. Neste estudo foi realizado uma an&aacute;lise cr&iacute;ticarevis&atilde;o de estudos experimentais e cl&iacute;nicos recentes, publicados em base de dados Medline e Lilacs, abordando a a&ccedil;&atilde;o farmacol&oacute;gica dos fitoester&oacute;is e fitoestan&oacute;is na colesterolemia. Os efeitos hipocolesterolemiantes s&atilde;o observados pela ingest&atilde;o de doses maci&ccedil;as, em dose &uacute;nica ou m&uacute;ltipla, de at&eacute; 2,5 g/dia destes compostos. O consumo di&aacute;rio por durante quatro semanas tem evidenciado a redu&ccedil;&atilde;o dos n&iacute;veis sangu&iacute;neos de colesterol total (CT) e LDL-colesterol (LDL-c) em cerca de 10%. O mecanismo de a&ccedil;&atilde;o na diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o da colesterolemia se deve, possivelmente, &agrave; sua semelhan&ccedil;a estrutural com o colesterol, o que favorece uma competi&ccedil;&atilde;o na absor&ccedil;&atilde;o intestinal, entre &eacute;steres de esterol e/ou estanol e o colesterol. Efeitos adversos da suplementa&ccedil;&atilde;o de fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is ocasionaram a diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o da absor&ccedil;&atilde;o de algumas vitaminas e antioxidantes lipossol&uacute;veis. </P> <B>    <P ALIGN="justify">Palavras-chaves:</B> Fitoster&oacute;is, fitostan&oacute;is, colesterolemia.</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">SUMMARY</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </B>Therapeutic effects of phytosterols and phytostanols in cholesterolemia. <B> </B>Plant sterol and stanol esters are called "functional" compounds due to their hypocholesterolemic properties. The objective of this review is to update recent findings concerning the effect of phytosterols in the blood cholesterol, emphasizing the results from experimental and human studies. The hypocholesterolemic effect is observed with the intake of 2.5g/day of phytosterols or phytostanols. Daily intake, usually of stanols, for 4 weeks has shown to to be effective in lowering blood total- as well as LDL-cholesterol by about 10%. The mechanism of action in lowering blood cholesterol comes from their structural similarity to cholesterol, hence they act by competing with cholesterol at the luminal absorption site. The adverse effects of a high intake of phytosterols and phytostanols are the lower absorption of some liposoluble vitamins and antioxidants. </P> <B>    <P ALIGN="justify">Key words: </B>Pphytosterols, phytostanols, blood cholesterol.</P> <B>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Recibido: 20-10-2003</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Aceptado: 11-06-2004</P>    <P ALIGN="justify">INTRODU&Ccedil;&Atilde;O</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Os efeitos dos fitoster&oacute;is na redu&ccedil;&atilde;o da colesterolemia tem sido amplamente estudados desde a d&eacute;cada de 50 e, atualmente, s&atilde;o reconhecidos como componentes "funcionais" por apresentarem propriedades hipocolesterol&ecirc;micas (1,2).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Os ester&oacute;is s&atilde;o componentes essenciais &agrave;s membranas das c&eacute;lulas, e podem ser produzidos por animais e plantas. Os fitoster&oacute;is s&atilde;o compostos ester&oacute;is oriundos dos &oacute;leos vegetais e apresentam grande similaridade estrutural com o colesterol (1). S&atilde;o compostos com 28 ou 29 carbonos, diferindo do colesterol (27 carbonos) pela presen&ccedil;a de um radical metila ou etila adicional na cadeia carb&ocirc;nica (3). Os fitoster&oacute;is mais estudados: ?-sitosterol e campesterol apresentam uma insatura&ccedil;&atilde;o em sua estrutura, similar ao colesterol. Quando essa dupla liga&ccedil;&atilde;o n&atilde;o est&aacute; presente ou &eacute; desfeita artificialmente, temos os an&aacute;logos <FONT FACE=Symbol>b</FONT> -sitostanol e campestanol (<B><a href="#fig1">Figura 1</a></B>) (3). Os estan&oacute;is s&atilde;o os ester&oacute;is saturados e podem ser extra&iacute;dos dos alimentos ou produzidos artificialmente por meio de hidrogena&ccedil;&atilde;o, sendo menos abundantes nos alimentos <I>in natura</I> do que os ester&oacute;is (1).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Embora na literatura sejam relatados outros efeitos dos fitoster&oacute;is, como sua a&ccedil;&atilde;o estrog&ecirc;nica no sistema reprodutivo e inibi&ccedil;&atilde;o do crescimento de certos tipos de cancer (4), o objetivo desta revis&atilde;o &eacute; analisar os estudos mais recentes sobre os efeitos dose fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is especificamente sobre a colesterolemia. </P> <B>    <P ALIGN="justify">METODOLOGIA</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Foram selecionados artigos experimentais e cl&iacute;nicos, randomizados, duplo-cegos e pallacebo-controlados, publicados nos &uacute;ltimos dez anos, em bases de dados Medline e Lilacs, cujos objetivos eram avaliar o efeito de fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is na redu&ccedil;&atilde;o de hipercolesterolemia leve ou moderada.</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Fontes alimentares</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Existe uma grande variedade de fitoster&oacute;is presentes nos alimentos, sendo identificadas mais de 40 subst&acirc;ncias (1). Os mais abundantes nos produtos<I> in natur</I>a s&atilde;o o <FONT FACE=Symbol>b</FONT> -sitosterol, o campesterol e o estigmasterol, que podem ocorrer tanto na forma cristalina quanto esterificada a &aacute;cidos graxos livres, &aacute;cidos fen&oacute;licos ou a&ccedil;&uacute;cares (5). Estes fitoster&oacute;is s&atilde;o os que mais se assemelham ao colesterol, pois s&atilde;o do tipo 4-desmetilester&oacute;is, ou seja, n&atilde;o cont&ecirc;m grupo metila no carbono 4 (1). Dentre os alimentos ricos em fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is, destacam-se a soja, os frutos oleaginosos e os &oacute;leos vegetais em geral, principalmente de canola, arroz e girassol (6). A dieta ocidental prov&ecirc; cerca de 100-300 mg de fitoster&oacute;is por dia, sendo seu consumo no norte europeu estimado em 200-300 mg/dia, enquanto japoneses e vegetarianos consomem em torno de 300-450 mg/dia (7-9). Com rela&ccedil;&atilde;o aos fitostan&oacute;is, a dieta ocidental fornece entre 20 e 50 mg por dia (7).</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Desde 1980, reconhece-se que os fitoester&oacute;is poderiam ser adicionados aos alimentos. No entanto, a adi&ccedil;&atilde;o de fitost&eacute;rois e fitostan&oacute;is cristalinos a alimentos industrializados n&atilde;o &eacute; a melhor op&ccedil;&atilde;o, pois as altera&ccedil;&otilde;es organol&eacute;pticas inerentes ao uso destas subst&acirc;ncias isoladas limitam seu uso. Estes compostos cristalinos, al&eacute;m de deixarem um sabor "ran&ccedil;oso", s&atilde;o tamb&eacute;m pouco sol&uacute;veis quando adicionados aos alimentos, ao contr&aacute;rio dos esterificados (fitosterol-ester). Por isso, os estudos mais recentes t&ecirc;m avaliado a aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o de fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is esterificados a &aacute;cidos graxos. Alguns trabalhos utilizam &oacute;leo de girassol como ve&iacute;culo, por promover boa solubilidade junto &agrave; fase oleosa de margarinas e cremes vegetais (5,10), mas alguns autores tamb&eacute;m relatam o uso de emuls&otilde;es lip&iacute;dicas mistas, contendo &oacute;leos de milho, soja e canola, ou algum destes isoladamente (11,12). Como conseq&uuml;&ecirc;ncia, a ind&uacute;stria aliment&iacute;cia t&ecirc;m investido na adi&ccedil;&atilde;o de fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is em margarinas, cream-cheeses, cremes vegetais e molhos para salada, incorporando-os em maior quantidade na dieta humana (1).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dessa forma, os estudos descritos a seguir avaliam os efeitos de fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is adicionados industrialmente a margarinas e cremes vegetais.</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Efeitos sobre a colesterolemia</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O relat&oacute;rio de estrat&eacute;gias para redu&ccedil;&atilde;o de colesterol sangu&iacute;neo do Programa Nacional Americano de Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o em Colesterol (NCEP – National Cholesterol Education Program) estima que para cada 1% de redu&ccedil;&atilde;o na concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o de colesterol sang&uuml;&iacute;neo, o risco de doen&ccedil;as cardiovasculares diminuiria em 2% (13). Segundo essas diretrizes, a terapia diet&eacute;tica &eacute; primeiro passo para a diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o do colesterol sangu&iacute;neo, que pode favorecem uma diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o de 10 a 13% do LDL-colesterol (LDL-c) de forma lenta. Logo, um suplemento &agrave; dieta que seja seguro e bem tolerado pode ser &uacute;til no manejo n&atilde;o farmacol&oacute;gico da hipercolesterolemia visando redu&ccedil;&atilde;o mais r&aacute;pida do LDL-c (13,14).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A margarina contendo &eacute;steres de fitostanol foi lan&ccedil;ada na Finl&acirc;ndia em 1995. Naquele mesmo ano, resultados de um ensaio cl&iacute;nico realizado naquele pa&iacute;s mostraram que a margarina com &eacute;steres de estanol vegetal pode efetuar uma redu&ccedil;&atilde;o<FONT COLOR="#0000ff"> </FONT>significativa no colesterol total e no LDL-c de 10 ae 14%, respectivamente, em pacientes com hipercolesterolemia leve (15).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A revis&atilde;o de estudos (1), avaliando a efic&aacute;cia de margarinas com adi&ccedil;&atilde;o de fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is, identificou uma diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o m&eacute;dia de 14% no LDL-c com uma dose di&aacute;ria igual ou maior que 2 g/dia, para indiv&iacute;duos com idade entre 50 e 59 anos. Em pessoas com idade entre 40 e 49 anos, a diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o do LDL-c foi de 9%. Dados observacionais de ensaios randomizados mostraram que, em pessoas de 50 a 59 anos, a diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o do LDL-c em 0,5 mmol/L diminuiu o risco cardiovascular em 25% depois de dois anos de suplementa&ccedil;&atilde;o. Em pessoas mais jovens, a diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o do colesterol foi menor, mas houve a associa&ccedil;&atilde;o entre n&iacute;veis de colesterol e doen&ccedil;as cardiovasculares mais forte. Dos estudos descritos, um n&atilde;o apresentou redu&ccedil;&atilde;o significativa de colesterol, apesar do consumo di&aacute;rio de 3g de fitostanol. Este ensaio (16) diferiu dos outros trabalhos em dois aspectos metodol&oacute;gicos: Primeiro, os indiv&iacute;duos estudados n&atilde;o consumiram uma dieta com composi&ccedil;&atilde;o fixa, o que prejudicou a compara&ccedil;&atilde;o dos resultados. Segundo, o sitostanol utilizado foi administrado em c&aacute;psulas, ao inv&eacute;s de adicionado &agrave; gordura das refei&ccedil;&otilde;es. Isto pode ter dificultado a sua dispers&atilde;o e solubiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o no l&uacute;men intestinal e, consequentemente, limitadorndo os efeitosa efic&aacute;cia dena redu&ccedil;&atilde;o do colesterol. </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Recentemente, outrosmais ensaios cl&iacute;nicos, randomizados, duplo-cegos e placebo-controlados, foram publicados, possibilitando maior conhecimento quanto &agrave; a&ccedil;&atilde;o hipocolesterolemiante dos fitostan&oacute;is. A Tabela 1 resume alguns dos trabalhos que testaram a capacidade de ester&oacute;is e estan&oacute;is vegetais em reduzir a absor&ccedil;&atilde;o do colesterol.</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="CENTER"><a href="#fig1">FIGURA 1</a></P> </B>    <P ALIGN="center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Estrutura qu&iacute;mica de fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is. Os fitoster&oacute;is s&atilde;o compostos semelhantes ao colesterol, por&eacute;m apresentam um grupamento metila ou etila extra na cadeia carb&ocirc;nica linear. Os fitostan&oacute;is s&atilde;o mol&eacute;culas similares aos fitoster&oacute;is, por&eacute;m n&atilde;o apresentam a insatura&ccedil;&atilde;o do anel carb&ocirc;nico.</P>     <P ALIGN="center"><a name="fig1"><img border="0" src="/img/fbpe/alan/v54n3/art01fig1.jpg" align="center" width="560" height="384"></a></P>     
]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center"><B>TABELA 1</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="CENTER">Efeitos da suplementa&ccedil;&atilde;o fitoster&oacute;is e/ou fitostan&oacute;is na redu&ccedil;&atilde;o do LDL-colesterol- Estudos cl&iacute;nicos</P>     <P ALIGN="justify">    <CENTER>     <div align="center">       <center><TABLE BORDER="1" CELLSPACING=1 CELLPADDING=4 WIDTH=570> <TR><TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font size="1">Autores</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="18%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Estudo</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="6%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">n</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Idade m&eacute;dia</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="10%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Tempo</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="9%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Composto</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Dose</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">(g/dia)</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Redu&ccedil;&atilde;o</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">LDL</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font size="1">Jones PJH</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font size="1">et al., (12)</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="18%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Randomizado duplo-cego</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="6%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">32</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">25 a 60 anos</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="10%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">50 dias</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="9%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Estanol</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1"> <FONT FACE="Arial">±</FONT>1,5</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">(22 mg/kg/dia)</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">23 a 31%</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font size="1">Hallikainen</font> </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font size="1">MA et al., (17)</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="18%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Randomizado duplo-cego</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="6%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">42</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">30 a 65 anos</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="10%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">12 semanas</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="9%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Esterol e estanol</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">2,02 esterol</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">(com 0,10 estanol)</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">2,06 esterol</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">(com 0,09 estanol)</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">e placebo</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">( com 0,09 g total</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">estanol)</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Estanol= 12,7%</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Esterol= 10,4 %</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font size="1">Lottenberg</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font size="1">AMP et al., (19)</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="18%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Randomizado</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">duplo-cego cruzado</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="6%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">60</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">&gt; 30 anos</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="10%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">8 semanas</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="9%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Esterol</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">3</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">10 a 12%</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font size="1">Plat J. (21)</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="18%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Randomizado</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">duplo-cego cruzado</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="6%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">43</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">16 a 65 anos</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="10%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">12 semanas</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="9%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Estanol</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">2,5 (dose &uacute;nica eu ou fracionada em 3 vezes)</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">9 a 10%</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font size="1">Nestel P, 2000</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="18%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Randomizado</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">imples-cego</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="6%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">37</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">60 anos</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">(de 34 a70 anos)</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="10%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">12 semanas</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="9%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Esterol e</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">estanol</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">2,4 esterol e</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">2,4 estanol</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">13,6 %</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font size="1">Maki CK, (14)</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="18%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Randomizado</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">duplo-cego</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="6%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">40</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">21 a 75 anos</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="10%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">5 semanas</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="9%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Esterol</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">2 doses diferentes:</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">High Sterol (2,2)</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Low Sterol (1,1)</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">High =10,2%</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Low = 7,1%</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font size="1">Neil HAW,</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font size="1">Meijer GW,</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font size="1">Roe LS, (10)</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="18%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Randomizado</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">duplo-cego</font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">cruzado</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="6%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">63</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">18 a 69 anos</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="10%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">4 meses</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="9%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Esterol</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">2,5</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">15%</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font size="1">Gylling H &amp; Miettinen TA, (11)</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="18%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Randomizado</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">duplo-cego</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="6%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">30</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">66 anos</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="10%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">1 ano</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="9%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Estanol +</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Sinvastatina</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">2</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">27%</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font size="1">Judd JT., (18)</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="18%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Randomizado</font></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">duplo-cego</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="6%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">53</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="13%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">25 a 65 anos</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="10%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">8 semanas</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="9%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">Esterol</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">2,2</font></TD> <TD WIDTH="14%" VALIGN="TOP" align="center">     <P ALIGN="justify"><font size="1">10%</font></TD> </TR> </TABLE> </center> </div> </CENTER>  <FONT SIZE=1>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Obs : Em nenhum dos trabalhos encontrou-se diferen&ccedil;a estatisticamente significativa entre os g&ecirc;neros masculino e feminino.</P> </FONT>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hallikainen et al. (17) avaliaram a ingest&atilde;o de margarina com &eacute;steres de fitostan&oacute;is ou fitoster&oacute;is., em pacientes hipercolesterol&ecirc;micos. Os pacientes consumiram durante 4 semanas fitostanois ou fitoster&oacute;is, na dose de 2,01 a 2,04 g/ dia. Houve redu&ccedil;&atilde;o significativa (p &lt; 0,001) do colesterol total (CT) em 9,2 e 7,3 % e de LDL-c em 12,7 e 10,4%, respectivamente, para estan&oacute;is e ester&oacute;is. N&atilde;o houve diferen&ccedil;a na efici&ecirc;ncia de redu&ccedil;&atilde;o entre estan&oacute;is e ester&oacute;is. </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos por Judd et al. (18) que utilizaram em molhos para salada 3,6 gramas de fitoster&oacute;is e obtiveram diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o no (CT) de 7% e no LDL-c de 10%, enquanto o HDL permaneceu inalterado. A diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o de CT e LDL-c com manuten&ccedil;&atilde;o dos n&iacute;veis de HDL t&ecirc;m intensa liga&ccedil;&atilde;o com a diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o de risco cardiovascular. Segundo Lottenberg et al. (19), a utiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o de 3g/dia de fitoster&oacute;is na dieta deforma de margarina por 60 adultos brasileiros, portadores de hipercolesterolemia moderada, promoveu redu&ccedil;&atilde;o de 10% do CT e de 12% do LDL-c em um m&ecirc;s de interven&ccedil;&atilde;o. Resultados similares foram obtidos por Neil et al (10), com 32 pacientes a uma dose de 2,5g/dia de fitoster&oacute;is, durante quatro meses.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O efeito dose depende foi testado em esteres de estanol<I> </I>(20), tendo sido observada redu&ccedil;&atilde;o significativa do LDL-c a partir do consumo de 1,6 g/ dia de estanol. O aumento da dose di&aacute;ria de 2,4 para 3,2 g n&atilde;o resultou em efeito adicional clinicamente importante, indicando a exist&ecirc;ncia de satura&ccedil;&atilde;o do efeito do estanol sobre o colesterol sangu&iacute;neo a partir de 2,4 g/ dia.</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A influ&ecirc;ncia da forma de administra&ccedil;&atilde;o e posologia sobre os efeitos terap&ecirc;uticos destes compostos, tamb&eacute;m foram avaliados estudados. No estudo de Plat et al. (21), indiv&iacute;duos normocolesterol&ecirc;micos ou levemente hipercolesterol&ecirc;micos consumiram, em ordem aleat&oacute;ria: placebo, 2,5 g de fitosterol no almo&ccedil;o ou 2,5 g de fitosterol divididos em tr&ecirc;s doses, administradas junto &agrave;s tr&ecirc;s principais refei&ccedil;&otilde;es (0,42g no desjejum; 0,84g no almo&ccedil;o e 1,25g no jantar). Cada per&iacute;odo de administra&ccedil;&atilde;o das doses durou 4 semanas. Observou-se uma diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o similar de LDL-c (9,4%) tanto na popula&ccedil;&atilde;o que ingeriu 3 por&ccedil;&otilde;es de fitosterol fitostanol por dia quanto na que ingeriu apenas 1 por&ccedil;&atilde;o. Este estudo mostra que n&atilde;o &eacute; necess&aacute;rio ingerir o fitostanol junto com colesterol dos alimentos. Os autores especulam quanto &agrave; exist&ecirc;ncia de outras a&ccedil;&otilde;es do fitosterol, al&eacute;m da solubilidade micelar do colesterol, no lumen intestinal ou na intera&ccedil;&atilde;o com os enter&oacute;citos. </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Um fator que otimizou a a&ccedil;&atilde;o dos fitostan&oacute;is foi sua liga&ccedil;&atilde;o com a lecitina de soja. Ostlund et al. (22) demonstraram que, para promover redu&ccedil;&atilde;o do colesterol s&eacute;rico, a administra&ccedil;&atilde;o de c&aacute;psulas de lecitina de soja enriquecidas com 700, 300 ou 100 mg/dia de sitostanol foi mais eficiente do que o sitostanol isolado (1000 mg/dia), promovendo redu&ccedil;&atilde;o de 36,7%, 34,4%, 5,6% e 11,3%, respectivamente. Este estudo sugere que a lecitina de soja pode promover maior solubiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o do fitostanol na fase micelar da digest&atilde;o, indicando um efeito sin&eacute;rgico, potencializando a a&ccedil;&atilde;o hipocolesterol&ecirc;mica.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Os fitoster&oacute;is tamb&eacute;m podem colaborar com a a&ccedil;&atilde;o das estatinas, drogas inibidoras da hidroximetilglutaril-coenzima A (HMG-CoA) redutase, acelerando a redu&ccedil;&atilde;o no colesterol s&eacute;rico e do LDL-c (10,11).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Relativamente poucos estudos foram publicados quanto ao efeito dos fitoster&oacute;is naturalmente presentes nos alimentos. Considerando que, al&eacute;m dos triacilglicer&oacute;is, os fitoster&oacute;is constituem o principal componente de &oacute;leos vegetais refinados, Ostlund et al. (23) utilizando t&eacute;cnica in&eacute;dita de remo&ccedil;&atilde;o do fitosterol contido no &oacute;leo, avaliou o efeito do &oacute;leo de milho com e sem fitoster&oacute;is na absor&ccedil;&atilde;o de colesterol hexadeuterado ([26,26,26,27,27,27-2H6], colesterol) em humanos. A adi&ccedil;&atilde;o de 150 mg/ refei&ccedil;&atilde;o teste de fitosterol diminuiu em 12,1% a absor&ccedil;&atilde;o de colesterol. Estes resultados indicam a exist&ecirc;ncia do efeito hipocolesterolemiante dos fitosterois presentes nos &oacute;leos de milhos comerciais, atribu&iacute;do anteriormente somente aos &aacute;cidos graxos destes &oacute;leos.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Uma maior produ&ccedil;&atilde;o hep&aacute;tica de colesterol pode ocorrer quando h&aacute; maior consumo de fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is, como uma adapta&ccedil;&atilde;o do organismo na sentido de recuperar os n&iacute;veis s&eacute;ricos anteriores. No entanto, tal resposta depende da predisposi&ccedil;&atilde;o gen&eacute;tica, uma vez que existe uma variabilidade grande entre os indiv&iacute;duos no que se refere &agrave; absor&ccedil;&atilde;o do colesterol. Vanhanen et al. (24) mostraram que a maior redu&ccedil;&atilde;o do LDL-c, quando suplementados com sitostanol-e&eacute;ster, ocorreu no grupo homozigoto para apoprote&iacute;na (apo) E-4, ao contr&aacute;rio do grupo apo E-3, pois &eacute; em indiv&iacute;duos portadores do alelo E-4 que h&aacute; maior absor&ccedil;&atilde;o de colesterol. Isso sugere que, mesmo havendo um feedback hep&aacute;tico, a redu&ccedil;&atilde;o do LDL-c se sobressai.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Recentemente, Tammi et al. (25) avaliaram, durante sete meses, o efeito da suplementa&ccedil;&atilde;o randomizada de fitoster&oacute;is na dieta de desmame de crian&ccedil;as saud&aacute;veis em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o ao controle da colesterolemia. As crian&ccedil;as eram participantes do projeto finland&ecirc;s: <I>Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project for Children</I> (STRIP). Os autores compararam o desmame tradicional, que inclu&iacute;a leite de vaca integral, com o desmame experimental, cujo leite de vaca era desnatado e adicionado de &oacute;leo vegetal para manter o mesmo teor lip&iacute;dico. A oferta m&eacute;dia de fitoster&oacute;is era duas vezes maior na dieta experimental do que na dieta controle (132 e 65 mg/dia, respectivamente). Os resultados demonstraram que o grupo controle, exposto a um maior consumo de gordura saturada, apresentou valores s&eacute;ricos maiores de subst&acirc;ncias precursoras do colesterol (?-8-colestenol, desmosterol e latosterol) do que o grupo exposto aos fitoster&oacute;is e &oacute;leo vegetal, cujos valores permaneceram inalterados. Isto sugere que a exposi&ccedil;&atilde;o destes indiv&iacute;duos &agrave; maior ingest&atilde;o de fitoster&oacute;is n&atilde;o induziu a um aumento na produ&ccedil;&atilde;o hep&aacute;tica de colesterol, como postulado anteriormente. Portanto, essa poss&iacute;vel compensa&ccedil;&atilde;o end&oacute;gena, secund&aacute;ria &agrave; priva&ccedil;&atilde;o de colesterol ex&oacute;geno, precisa ser elucidada &agrave; luz de mais estudos controlados, esclarecendo os fatores determinantes desse processo.</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Mecanismos de a&ccedil;&atilde;o dos fitoster&oacute;is</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Apesar das semelhan&ccedil;as estruturais em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o ao colesterol, os fitoester&oacute;is e estan&oacute;is s&atilde;o diferentes quanto &agrave; sua utiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o pelo organismo. Heinemann et al. (26) observouaramou uma redu&ccedil;&atilde;o de 50% na absor&ccedil;&atilde;o do colesterol com o uso de fitosterol, assim como de 85% com fitostanol. Al&eacute;m disso, Becker et al. (27) verificaram que houve aumento na excre&ccedil;&atilde;o fecal de colesterol ap&oacute;s a utiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o destas subst&acirc;ncias, onde 1,5 g/dia de sitostanol aumentou a excre&ccedil;&atilde;o fecal de ester&oacute;is totais em 88%, enquanto que sitosterol, a 6g/dia, aumentou em 45%. </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A diferen&ccedil;a nas taxas de absor&ccedil;&atilde;o entre ester&oacute;is e estan&oacute;is varia de acordo com o tamanho da cadeia carb&ocirc;nica e com o grau de satura&ccedil;&atilde;o. Com rela&ccedil;&atilde;o ao tamanho da cadeia, as maiores estruturas apresentam menor absor&ccedil;&atilde;o, devido &agrave; maior hidrofobicidade destes compostos.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Comparando estas diferen&ccedil;as, verifica-se que, enquanto a absor&ccedil;&atilde;o de colesterol (C-27) varia entre 20 e 80% do ingerido, os fitoster&oacute;is campesterol (C-28) e sitosterol (C-29) s&atilde;o absorvidos em torno de 15% e 1,5-5%, respectivamente (1,3). Com rela&ccedil;&atilde;o ao grau de satura&ccedil;&atilde;o, a absor&ccedil;&atilde;o &eacute; menor em compostos saturados. Os fitostan&oacute;is, portanto, s&atilde;o os compostos que apresentam as menores taxas de absor&ccedil;&atilde;o, pois al&eacute;m de serem saturados, assumem estruturas com 28 ou 29 carbonos. O sitostanol &eacute; absorvido na ordem de 0 a 3%, e o campestanol apresenta n&iacute;veis igualmente baixos de absor&ccedil;&atilde;o (28-31).</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Os fitoster&oacute;is s&atilde;o potencialmente t&atilde;o aterog&ecirc;nicos quanto o colesterol, mas a aterog&ecirc;nese dificilmente ocorre devido &agrave; menor absor&ccedil;&atilde;o dos fitoster&oacute;is, mantendo os n&iacute;veis s&eacute;ricos entre 0,3 e 1,7 mg/dL (32). A aterog&ecirc;nese secund&aacute;ria &agrave; absor&ccedil;&atilde;o maci&ccedil;a destes compostos s&oacute; ocorre na presen&ccedil;a de fitosterolemia, uma desordem autoss&ocirc;omica recessiva rara cujos valores s&eacute;ricos de fitoster&oacute;is excedem os n&iacute;veis de normalidade. O ac&uacute;mulo sang&uuml;&iacute;neo de fitoster&oacute;is, principalmente?-sitosterol, campesterol, estigmasterol e avenosterol, favorece o aparecimento de aterosclerose coronariana e a&oacute;rtica, assim como de xantomas, artrite, hem&oacute;lise e infarto (25,33).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O defeito nas prote&iacute;nas transportadoras ABCG5 e ABCG8 foi recentemente identificado como a causa desta hiper-absor&ccedil;&atilde;o de fitoster&oacute;is (34). O estudo destas prote&iacute;nas tem permitido avan&ccedil;os importantes na compreens&atilde;o dos mecanismos de transporte intestinal dos ester&oacute;is. A absor&ccedil;&atilde;o do colesterol, fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is pelos enterocitos &eacute; um processo r&aacute;pido (35). Entende-se atualmente que as prote&iacute;nas transportadoras ABC s&atilde;o capazes de discriminar entre colesterol e outros esterois, sendo as respons&aacute;veis pelo transporte reverso das mol&eacute;culas de fitoster&oacute;is para o lumen intestinal (36). Investiga&ccedil;&otilde;es utilizando animais transg&ecirc;nicos d&atilde;o suporte &agrave; hip&oacute;tese de que a discrimina&ccedil;&atilde;o ocorre no efluxo destes compostos para o lumen intestinal e para a bile. Animais geneticamente alterados para as prote&iacute;nas ABCG5 e/ ou ABCG8 hiper-absorvem n&atilde;o apenas o colesterol mas tamb&eacute;m os fitosterois. Pesquisa recente, em camundongos, de avalia&ccedil;&atilde;o das taxas de capta&ccedil;&atilde;o intestinal, absor&ccedil;&atilde;o, discrimina&ccedil;&atilde;o e excre&ccedil;&atilde;o biliar de ester&oacute;is marcados refor&ccedil;a a hip&oacute;tese de efluxo seletivo de ester&oacute;is como o principal componente que favorece maior absor&ccedil;&atilde;o para a corrente sanguinea de colesterol em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o aos fitosterois (35). Segundo os autores, a identifica&ccedil;&atilde;o dos receptores nucleares hormonais &oacute;rf&atilde;os, tais como o RXR e receptor X farnes&oacute;ide, sugere a possibilidade de outras proteinas ABC transportadoras estarem envolvidas no transporte intestinal dos ester&oacute;is, sendo atualmente &aacute;rea de intensa investiga&ccedil;&atilde;o.</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Rea&ccedil;&otilde;es adversas e toxicidade do fitoster&oacute;is</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; As principal rea&ccedil;&otilde;es adversas de ingest&atilde;o de altas doses de fitoster&oacute;is est&atilde;o associadas &agrave; disminui&ccedil;&atilde;o plasm&aacute;ticas das vitaminas e antioxidantes lipossol&uacute;veis (1,37). Ensaios randomizados &eacute; maior em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o aos caroten&oacute;ides mais lipof&iacute;licos, tais como os <FONT FACE=Symbol>a</FONT> ? e <FONT FACE=Symbol>b</FONT> caroten&oacute;ides e o licopeno. A disminui&ccedil;&atilde;o pode variar de 12 a 26% para <FONT FACE=Symbol>b</FONT> -caroteno, 10 a 12% para <FONT FACE=Symbol>a</FONT> e at&eacute; 20% para o licopeno s&eacute;rico ap&oacute;s suplementa&ccedil;&atilde;o de fotoster&oacute;ides e fitostan&oacute;is (1,28). Esta disminui&ccedil;&atilde;o &eacute; minimizada, por&eacute;m se mant&eacute;n mesmo quando controlada em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave;s mudan&ccedil;as nos niveis sungu&iacute;neos de LDL-colesterol (1,18). Por outro lado, os n&iacute;veis s&eacute;ricos de retinol, vitaminas D e K parecem n&atilde;o ser afectados (1,17,18). A ingest&atilde;o de fontes diet&eacute;ticas de caroten&oacute;ides, na propor&ccedil;&atilde;o de uma por&ccedil;&atilde;o a mais de frutas e hortali&ccedil;as ricas em caroten&oacute;ides por dia, foi suficinete para manter as concentrac&otilde;es plasm&aacute;ticas destes caroten&oacute;ides (38). Em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; toxicidades dos fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is, em ratos, a administra&ccedil;&atilde;o de 6,6 g/kg/dia durante 90 dias n&atilde;o foi suficiente para gerar altera&ccedil;&otilde;es toxicol&oacute;gicas significantes (39). Al&eacute;m disso, outros estudos realizados a curto e m&eacute;dio prazo, entre 50 dias e 12 meses, n&atilde;o evidenciaram&ecirc;nciam efeitos colaterais no trato gastrointestinal durante a fase experimental, e nenhum efeito tardio foi relatado. </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; M&eacute;todos experimentais, in vivo e in vitro utilizando, em ratas, foram utilizados para avaliaram o efeito estrog&ecirc;nico dos fitoster&oacute;is (5). Foi, tendo sido verificado que estes compostos n&atilde;o apresentam propriedades de liga&ccedil;&atilde;o aos receptores de estr&oacute;geno, a&ccedil;&atilde;o transcripcional dos genes responsivos &agrave; estes receptores ou atividade uterotr&oacute;fica.</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="justify">Regulamenta&ccedil;&atilde;o da adi&ccedil;&atilde;o de fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is a alimentos industrializados</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; No ano de 2000, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) aprovou os uso terap&ecirc;utico dos &eacute;steres de esterol ou estanol vegetal na redu&ccedil;&atilde;o do risco de doen&ccedil;as cardiovasculares (40). Esta decis&atilde;o permitiu que alimentos adicionados com estas subst&acirc;ncias, como margarinas, cremes vegetais, molhos cremosos para salada, apresentassem a explica&ccedil;&atilde;o de que ajudam a prevenir a doen&ccedil;a cardiovascular (40). Segundo o a FDA, essesos alimentos devem conter no m&iacute;nimo 1,7g de fitostanol-&eacute;ster em cada por&ccedil;&atilde;o, devendo ser administrados duas vezes ao dia, somando 3,4g/dia. O fitosterol-&eacute;ster deve estar presente na quantidade de 0,65g por por&ccedil;&atilde;o, totalizando 1,3g/dia. Portanto, a rotulagem dos alimentos que cont&ecirc;m &eacute;steres de fitosterol ou fitostanol dever&aacute; incluir a seguinte informa&ccedil;&atilde;o: "uma por&ccedil;&atilde;o de (nome do alimento) fornece XX gramas de fitoster&oacute;is/fitostan&oacute;is" (40). O r&oacute;tulo poder&aacute;, tamb&eacute;m, ser acompanhado da seguinte frase, exemplificada com fitostan&oacute;is: "Alimentos que cont&ecirc;m pelo menos 1,7 gramas por por&ccedil;&atilde;o de &eacute;steres de estanol vegetal, ingeridos duas vezes por dia nas refei&ccedil;&otilde;es, resultando em uma ingest&atilde;o di&aacute;ria total de pelo menos 3,4 gramas, como parte de uma alimenta&ccedil;&atilde;o com baixos teores de gordura saturada e colesterol, podem reduzir o risco de doen&ccedil;as card&iacute;acas" (40).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Embora nos Estados Unidos (41) e Europa (42) existam produtos sendo comercializados com aditivos contendo fitoster&oacute;is, no Brasil, ainda n&atilde;o existe regulamenta&ccedil;&atilde;o espec&iacute;fica &agrave; de rotulagem de alimentos adicionados de fitoster&oacute;is ou fitostan&oacute;is. O &uacute;nico produto existente no mercado brasileiro foi registrado pela Ag&ecirc;ncia Nacional de Vigil&acirc;ncia Sanit&aacute;ria (ANVISA) aos moldes da regulamenta&ccedil;&atilde;o do da FDA.</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="justify">CONCLUS&Atilde;O</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Os fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is s&atilde;o compostos eficientes na redu&ccedil;&atilde;o da colesterolemia, podendo ser utilizados de forma isolada ou combinados a outros agentes hipocolesterolemiantes. Estes efeitos s&atilde;o observados pela ingest&atilde;o de doses maci&ccedil;as, de at&eacute; 2,5 g/ dia destes compostos, n&atilde;o encontrados em alimentos naturais. As evid&ecirc;ncias existentes s&atilde;o principalmente de produtos aliment&iacute;cios nos quais estes compostos que foram aditivados. Poucos estudosa informa&ccedil;&atilde;o t&ecirc;m sido do publicados enfatizando os efeitos dos fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;isquanto, naturalmente presentes nos alimentos, no controle do colesterol sangu&iacute;neo. </P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O efeito adverso atribu&iacute;do &agrave;da suplementa&ccedil;&atilde;o de fitoster&oacute;is e fitostan&oacute;is, refere-se &eacute; a discreta diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o da absor&ccedil;&atilde;o de vitaminas lipossol&uacute;veis, especialmente vitaminas A e E, o que poderia ser compensado com o aumento no consumo de frutas e hortali&ccedil;as</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O resultados ben&eacute;ficos obtidos observado nas pesquisas cl&iacute;nicas realizadas, associados &agrave;e a elucida&ccedil;&atilde;o dos mecanismos de absor&ccedil;&atilde;o destes compostos pelo organismo humano, sugerem um papel importante dos fitoster&oacute;is e estan&oacute;is na alimenta&ccedil;&atilde;o contempor&acirc;nea, al&eacute;m de apresentarem-se como adjuvantes importantes no tratamento da hipercolesterolemia e, conseq&uuml;entemente, na preven&ccedil;&atilde;o da doen&ccedil;a arterial coronariana. </P> <B>    <P ALIGN="justify">&nbsp;REFER&Ecirc;NCIAS</P> </B>    <!-- ref --><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1. 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