<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0254-1637</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Argos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Argos]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0254-1637</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[División de Ciencias Sociales y HumanidadesUniversidad Simón Bolívar]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0254-16372015000200011</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[El temor a la delincuencia y la percepción de inseguridad en el entorno urbano]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Fear of crime and perceived insecurity in the urban setting]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Peur du crime et perception de l’insécurité en milieu urbain]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paydar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mohammad]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kamani-Fard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Asal]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>63</numero>
<fpage>179</fpage>
<lpage>195</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0254-16372015000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0254-16372015000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0254-16372015000200011&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[La percepción de inseguridad es uno de los principales fac­tores que reducen la proporción de tiempo que los residentes dedican a caminar, especialmente en las ciudades con bajas tasas de criminalidad. Este documento revisa distintos aspectos de la percepción de inseguridad y del temor a la delincuencia desde el punto de vista de factores y teorías relacionadas en el entorno urbano. Considerando la configuración urba­na como un aspecto determinado del entorno edificado, se analizarán las principales teorías sobre la relación entre la configuración urbana y el sen­tido de inseguridad y finalmente, se tratará una hipótesis que surge sobre la base de una de estas teorías, denominada teoría de la comunidad virtual.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Perceived insecurity is one of the main factors that reduce the walking rate of the residents, especially in the cities with low crime rates. This paper reviews different aspects of perceived insecurity and fear of crime in terms of the related factors and theories in the urban setting. Considering urban configuration as a certain aspect of built environment, the main theories on the relationship between urban configuration and the sense of insecurity are discussed, and finally, a hypothesis is raised on the basis of one of these theories, the theory of virtual community.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Le sentiment d’insécurité est l’un des principaux facteurs qui réduisent le temps que les résidents dédient à la marche, en particulier dans les villes où le taux de criminalité est faible. Cet article_ passe en revue les différents aspects de l’insécurité perçue et la peur du crime en termes de facteurs et théories liés à l’environnement urbain. Considérant la configuration urbaine comme un certain aspect de l’environnement bâti, les principales théories sur la relation entre la configuration urbaine et le sentiment d’insécurité sont discutées et, sur la base de l’une de ces théo­ries, celle de la communauté virtuelle, une hypothèse est soulevée.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[percepción de inseguridad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gente que camina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[entorno edificado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[configuración urbana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[teoría de la comunidad virtual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[perceived insecurity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[walking]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[built environment]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[urban confi­guration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[theory of virtual community]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[insécurité perçue]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[marcher]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[environnement bâti]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[configuration urbaine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[théorie de la communauté virtuelle]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p style="text-align: center; text-autospace: none"><font face="Verdana"><b> <span style="font-family: ITC Century Std Book; color: black">El temor a la  delincuencia y la percepción de inseguridad en el entorno urbano*</span></b></font></p>     <p style="text-align: center; text-autospace: none"> <font face="Verdana" size="2"><b> <span style="font-family: ITC Century Std Book; color: black">Mohammad Paydar</span></b></font></p>     <p style="text-align: center; text-autospace: none"> <font face="Verdana" size="2"> <span style="font-family: ITC Century Std Book; color: black">Pontificia  Universidad Católica de Chile</span></font></p>     <p style="text-align: center; text-autospace: none"> <font face="Verdana" size="2"> <span style="font-family: ITC Century Std Book; color: black"> <a style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single" href="mailto:mp.paydar@gmail.com"> mp.paydar@gmail.com</a></span></font></p>     <p style="text-align: center; text-autospace: none"> <font face="Verdana" size="2"><b> <span style="font-family: ITC Century Std Book; color: black">Asal Kamani-Fard</span></b></font></p>     <p style="text-align: center; text-autospace: none"> <font face="Verdana" size="2"> <span style="font-family: ITC Century Std Book; color: black"> <a style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single" href="mailto:asal_kamani@yahoo.com"> asal_kamani@yahoo.com</a></span></font></p>     <p style="text-align: justify; text-autospace: none"><font face="Verdana"><b> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: ITC Century Std Book; color: black"> Resumen</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: ITC Century Std Light; color: black">:  La percepción de inseguridad es uno de los principales fac­tores que reducen la  proporción de tiempo que los residentes dedican a caminar, especialmente en las  ciudades con bajas tasas de criminalidad. Este documento revisa distintos  aspectos de la percepción de inseguridad y del temor a la delincuencia desde el  punto de vista de factores y teorías relacionadas en el entorno urbano.  Considerando la configuración urba­na como un aspecto determinado del entorno  edificado, se analizarán las principales teorías sobre la relación entre la  configuración urbana y el sen­tido de inseguridad y finalmente, se tratará una  hipótesis que surge sobre la base de una de estas teorías, denominada teoría de  la comunidad virtual.</span></font></p>     <p style="text-align: justify; text-autospace: none"><font face="Verdana"><b> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: ITC Century Std Book; color: black"> Palabras clave</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: ITC Century Std Light; color: black">:  percepción de inseguridad, gente que camina, entorno edificado, configuración  urbana, teoría de la comunidad virtual.</span></font></p>     <p style="text-align: center; text-autospace: none"> <font face="Verdana" size="2"><b> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: ITC Century Std Book; color: black">Fear  of crime and perceived insecurity in the urban setting</span></b></font></p>     <p style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal"><font face="Verdana"><b> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: black">Abstract</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: ITC Century Std Light; color: black">:  Perceived insecurity is one of the main factors that reduce the walking rate of  the residents, especially in the cities with low crime rates. This paper reviews  different aspects of perceived insecurity and fear of crime in terms of the  related factors and theories in the urban setting. Considering urban  configuration as a certain aspect of built environment, the main theories on the  relationship between urban configuration and the sense of insecurity are  discussed, and finally, a hypothesis is raised on the basis of one of these  theories, the theory of virtual community. </span></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify; text-autospace: none"><font face="Verdana"><b> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: ITC Century Std Book; color: black"> Keywords</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: ITC Century Std Light; color: black">:  perceived insecurity, walking, built environment, urban confi­guration, theory  of virtual community.</span></font></p>     <p style="text-align: center; text-autospace: none"> <font face="Verdana" size="2"><b> <span lang="FR" style="font-family: ITC Century Std Book; color: black">Peur du  crime et perception de l’insécurité en milieu urbain</span></b></font></p>     <p style="text-align: justify; text-autospace: none"><font face="Verdana"><b> <span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: ITC Century Std Book; color: black"> Résumé</span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: ITC Century Std Light; color: black">:  Le sentiment d’insécurité est l’un des principaux facteurs qui réduisent le  temps que les résidents dédient à la marche, en particulier dans les villes où  le taux de criminalité est faible. Cet article_ passe en revue les différents  aspects de l’insécurité perçue et la peur du crime en termes de facteurs et  théories liés à l’environnement urbain. Considérant la configuration urbaine  comme un certain aspect de l’environnement bâti, les principales théories sur la  relation entre la configuration urbaine et le sentiment d’insécurité sont  discutées et, sur la base de l’une de ces théo­ries, celle de la communauté  virtuelle, une hypothèse est soulevée.</span></font></p>     <p style="text-align: justify"><font face="Verdana"><b> <span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: ITC Century Std Book; color: black"> Mots-clés</span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: ITC Century Std Light; color: black">:  insécurité perçue, marcher, environnement bâti, configuration urbaine, théorie  de la communauté virtuelle.</span></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Introducción</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Las facilidades para caminar  son unos de los principales componentes para mantener un entorno urbano  sostenible. La percepción de inseguridad contribuye en gran medida a reducir el  tiempo que los peatones dedican a caminar, especialmente en las ciudades con  bajas tasas de criminalidad (Li et al, 2005 y Weinstein et al, 1996). Además, la  percepción de inseguridad que tiene el público se ha convertido en uno de los  principales problemas de nuestras ciudades (Amerio 1999). Por ejemplo, esta  percepción conduce a una peor calidad de vida (Stafford et al. 2007).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">La relación entre el temor a la  delincuencia y la tasa de criminalidad no está bien fundamentada (Cossman y  Rader, 2011). Por ejemplo, tal como Valera y Guàrdia (2014) explicaron, en la  ciudad de Barcelona, a pesar de que pocos individuos declaran ser víctimas de la  actividad criminal, muchas personas admiten sentir temor en las áreas públicas  urbanas en distintos lugares. Greene y Greene (2003), que estudiaron la  seguridad urbana en las áreas residenciales de Santiago de Chile, descubrieron  que las áreas identificadas como inseguras según los encuestados, prácticamente  no tienen relación con los lugares donde se concentra un mayor nivel de  delincuencia. Por lo tanto, el estudio del temor a la delincuencia y de la  percepción de inseguridad parece cobrar más importancia que considerar la  inseguridad urbana real y sus aspectos, especialmente en las ciudades con bajas  tasas de criminalidad, como Barcelona y Santiago de Chile.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">No hay ninguna investigación  univariada ni unidimensional sobre la percepción de la seguridad (Vilalta,  2011). En un esfuerzo por tener una visión más completa, la mayoría de los  autores usan diferentes correlatos a nivel comunitario e individual. De hecho,  se encontraron factores individuales, sociales y ambientales que influían en la  percepción de inseguridad y el temor a la delincuencia en el entorno urbano. En  este documento, se exploran estos aspectos y teorías relevantes.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Las teorías y hallazgos  empíricos sobre el temor a la delincuencia y la percepción de inseguridad</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">La teoría de la victimización  es una de las teorías importantes relacionadas con la percepción de la seguridad  y el temor a la delincuencia. Esta teoría estima que las víctimas experimentarán  mayores niveles de temor a la delincuencia que aquellos que no se vean afectados  por alguna actividad criminal (Hale, 1996; Skogan, 1987). Esto crea una  diferencia evidente entre la victimización directa e indirecta. La victimización  directa se produce cuando la víctima sufre en forma individual la actividad  criminal, mientras que la victimización indirecta es experimentada por aquellos  que conocen a la víctima o han escuchado sobre ese crimen en particular (Hale,  1996). La principal suposición de esta teoría es que la experiencia de ser  víctima de un crimen puede tener efectos a largo plazo, causados por el cambio  en sus percepciones y comportamientos (Rader et al., 2007). Los hallazgos  empíricos que apoyan esta teoría se pueden encontrar en las investigaciones  clásicas realizadas en Estados Unidos (Friedman et al., 1982). Sin embargo, esta  teoría no ha estado exenta de debates, debido a que algunos estudios anteriores  no han encontrado ninguna relación entre la victimización y el temor a la  delincuencia (Carcach et al. 1995; Skogan y Maxfield 1981). Además, algunos han  indicado que las víctimas de crímenes violentos y no violentos deben estudiarse  en forma separada (Miethe y Lee 1984; Dull y Wint 1997).</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">La teoría de la vulnerabilidad  física estima que el temor a la delincuencia será mayor en aquellas personas con  incapacidades físicas, debido a la dificultad para protegerse contra los  crímenes o para recuperarse luego de un ataque criminal (Bissler, 2003; Pantazis,  2000). De hecho, esos factores suponen una capacidad personal para comportarse  cuando se enfrenta una situación amenazadora (Jackson, 2009). Por lo tanto, las  personas que se consideran más vulnerables físicamente tienen más probabilidades  de presentar un mayor nivel de temor a la delincuencia, y de tener más  sentimientos de inseguridad (Cossman y Rader, 2011). Hay dos factores  relacionados con la edad y el sexo que han sido correlatos regulares empíricos  de esta teoría. Se han encontrado mayores niveles de temor a la delincuencia  entre la gente mayor y las mujeres (Chadee y Ditton 2003; Gilchrist et al. 1998;  Rader et al. 2007; Scott, 2003)</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Normalmente, la vulnerabilidad  también está relacionada con un recurso social. El concepto de vulnerabilidad  social estima que los individuos que pertenecen a un estrato social especial,  tal como vecindarios con bajos ingresos, tendrán una menor percepción de la  seguridad en comparación con las personas de otros grupos. La razón es que la  gente que pertenece a esos vecindarios no puede evitar el acecho de la  delincuencia ni se puede recuperar de sus impactos destructivos (Bissler 2003).  Los factores relacionados con niveles educacionales, ingresos, ocupación y  desempleo fueron determinados como evidencia de esta teoría (Covington y Taylor  1991; McGarrell et al. 1997; Will y McGrath 1995).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">La teoría sobre la red social  se concentra en los flujos de información entre los individuos. Esta teoría  estima que las comunidades con altos niveles de comunicación mediante las redes  sociales también tendrán mayores niveles de cohesión social. Por lo tanto,  podrán enfrentar en forma conjunta y eficiente la delincuencia y el temor a  ella. Por otro lado, las comunidades con bajos niveles de comunicación mediante  las redes sociales pueden sufrir mayores niveles de actividad criminal y  presentar un mayor temor a la delincuencia (Bursik y Grasmick 1993). Por esto,  las redes sociales pueden reducir de manera teórica el temor a la delincuencia  mediante el fortalecimiento de los controles sociales informales (Bissler 2003;  Hale 1996). Un hallazgo regular que muestra el poder de las redes sociales son  las interacciones de la comunidad con las organizaciones locales de  administración de la ley (Bissler, 2003; Rodrigues, 2006). Es probable que el  temor a la delincuencia sea mayor si existen niveles más altos de desconfianza  en la policía.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">La teoría de las ventanas rotas  (Wilson y Kelling, 1982) ha ofrecido una de las teorías más exitosasen relación  con el aspecto ambiental de la percepción de inseguridad. Esta teoría afirma que  mientras más grandes sean los trastornos que las personas perciban en su  vecindario, más preocupados estarán por su seguridad. El mecanismo causal es que  los signos de maltrato de la comunidad, junto a la falta de control e  interacción social, contribuyen al aumento del nivel de temor a la delincuencia  (Doran y Lees 2005; Miceli et al. 2004; Moore y Shepherd 2007). También se  incluyen ciertos aspectos sociales. De hecho, el trastorno puede ser físico,  como el relacionado con el mantenimiento de las áreas urbanas, los grafitti, los  daños al mobiliario, la proporción de casas desocupadas, etc.; o puede ser  social, como el que se relaciona con los comportamientos desorganizados o  intimidatorios, la falta de civilidad social, la presencia de individuos  merodeando, los posibles agresores en el espacio público y las oportunidades  para el apoyo social a nivel comunitario (Boyd, 2006; Fyfe et al, 2006; O’Brien,  2002; Phillips y Smith, 2006; Sandercock, 2000). Estos factores físicos y  sociales se midieron de forma objetiva mediante la observación, y de forma  subjetiva mediante una encuesta.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">La configuración urbana es uno  de los principales aspectos del entorno edificado relacionado con la percepción  de inseguridad. Hay dos teorías clásicas, la “teoría del espacio defendible¨ y  la “teoría de la comunidad virtual¨ relacionadas con el vínculo entre la  configuración urbana y la percepción de la seguridad. De hecho, estas teorías  analizan la jerarquía de los espacios adyacentes en un área urbana con el fin de  maximizar el sentido de seguridad en esos espacios.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">La teoría del espacio  defendible es la primera respecto a la relación entre la configuración urbana y  el temor a la delincuencia. Como lo describió Newman (1976), el espacio  defendible es un entorno residencial cuyas características físicas consisten en  un diseño edificado y un plano del sitio, función que permite que los habitantes  sean agentes clave para garantizar su seguridad. La teoría indica que un área es  más segura cuando la gente tiene un sentido de posesión y responsabilidad en esa  parte de la comunidad. Newman asegura que no se puede producir ningún tipo de  actividad criminal si cada espacio de un área es cuidado y controlado por una  serie de residentes. Por eso, uno de los principios de esta teoría es la  definición territorial de los espacios, donde se muestra la zona de influencia  de residentes específicos. Los entornos residenciales deberían ser subdivididos  en zonas, donde los residentes cercanos puedan adoptar fácilmente actitudes como  propietarios (<a href="#fig1">Figura 1</a>). Dicho diseño jerárquico de espacios adyacentes  permitiría una vigilancia visual natural de los residentes, y aumentaría su  habilidad para ver lo que ocurre en sus espacios adyacentes.</font></p>     <p align="center"><a name="fig1"> <img border="0" src="/img/fbpe/ag/v32n63/art11fig1.gif" width="500" height="369"></a></p>     
<p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">La idea de las comunidades con  acceso controlado se creó basándose en la teoría del espacio defendible. Estas  comunidades están aumentando en casi todas las áreas urbanas importantes de  América Latina (Atkinson y Blandy, 2005; Borsdorf y Hidalgo, 2008; Giglia, 2008;  Mertins, 2009; Sheinbaum, 2008 y Vilalta, 2011). Es probable que estas  comunidades también minimicen las tasas de victimización y el nivel de temor a  la delincuencia (Romig, 2005). Sin embargo, existen varios debates acerca de si  las comunidades con acceso controlado son realmente efectivas para disminuir el  temor a la delincuencia y la tasa real de criminalidad (Wilson y Doenges, 2000).  Vilalta (2011), que estudió el rol de estas comunidades en la disminución del  temor a la delincuencia en Ciudad de México, encontró que dichas comunidades no  proporcionan niveles menores de temor en distintas zonas de las áreas  residenciales. La teoría de la comunidad virtual de Hillier (1999) se basa en el  movimiento natural y en las distribuciones físicas de las personas en el  espacio. La configuración espacial produciría un cierto patrón de coexistencia y  conciencia conjunta entre gente de diferentes grupos, y de uso del espacio para  distintos propósitos; por ejemplo, residentes y no residentes, hombres y  mujeres, adultos y niños, etc. Y ese movimiento peatonal natural proveniente de  una mezcla de distintos grupos de personas, contribuiría a mejorar la percepción  de seguridad en los espacios urbanos. Esta es la razón fundamental por la que  las áreas de la calle en general parecen ser relativamente más seguras que la  mayoría de los complejos residenciales.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Por lo tanto, según esta  teoría, el sentido de seguridad en los espacios urbanos depende de la presencia  de residentes y no residentes, en lugar de depender de espacios territoriales  controlados solo por la vigilancia de residentes, como se indica en la teoría  del espacio defendible. De hecho, según esta teoría, una concepción estática del  espacio debería ser reemplazada por una basada en el movimiento. En la  <a href="#tab1">Tabla 1</a>,  se presentan las teorías revisadas y sus factores relacionados, que se vinculan  con la percepción de inseguridad y el temor a la delincuencia en el entorno  urbano.</font></p>     <p align="center"><a name="tab1"> <img border="0" src="/img/fbpe/ag/v32n63/art11tab1.gif" width="520" height="1215"></a></p>     
]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Además de las teorías  mencionadas y sus factores inclusivos, existen ciertos factores que se  relacionan con el temor a la delincuencia y la percepción de inseguridad y no  tienen la base teórica (<a href="#tab1">Tabla 1</a>). Estos factores son los siguientes:</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Las variables, denominadas  colectivamente como “vida urbana” por Skogan y Maxfield (1981), incluyen  aspectos tales como el hacinamiento (Thomé y Torrente, 2003), las dificultades  de integración social, la diversidad étnica (Brunton-Smith y Sturgis, 2011; Lane  y Meeker, 2004; Skogan, 1995), el conflicto social (Di Masso, Dixon, y Pol,  2011), el tamaño del edificio (Newman y Franck, 1982) y los grados de vegetación  urbana (Kuo y Sullivan, 2001).</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Los factores, que consisten en  la satisfacción residencial (Amérigo y Aragonés, 1990; Fried, 1982; Galster y  Hesser, 1981), la identidad social urbana y el apego a los lugares (identidad  del lugar) (DiMasso et al, 2011; Valera y. Guàrdia, 2012; Valera y Pol, 1994;  Valera et al, 1998). Por ejemplo, Taylor y Hale (1986) descubrieron que los  ciudadanos indicaron tener más temor cuando piensan que su vecindario es menos  satisfactorio. Estos factores pueden formar la nueva categoría relacionada con  el temor a la delincuencia y la percepción de inseguridad.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>La relación entre la  configuración y el sentido de seguridad</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">La teoría de la comunidad  virtual es, de hecho, opuesta a la teoría del espacio defendible, en términos  del diseño de espacios adyacentes en un área urbana. La principal idea detrás  del espacio defendible es que los residentes que permanecen en sus viviendas  deberían posicionarse mediante el diseño de los espacios, con el fin de tener  una vigilancia natural de los espacios públicos adyacentes para ver y controlar  cualquier actividad criminal que pudieran perpetrar los no residentes que  merodean por los alrededores. Sin embargo, la teoría de la comunidad virtual  sugiere que lo que realmente ocurre es que el movimiento natural de los no  residentes mantiene la vigilancia natural en el espacio, mientras que los  residentes estáticos mantienen la vigilancia natural de los no residentes que  merodean solo mediante las entradas y ventanas de sus casas. Por lo tanto, el  sentido de seguridad depende fuertemente de la configuración espacial, lo que  genera una gran posibilidad de interfaz entre los residentes y no residentes, en  lugar de solo la vigilancia de residentes en espacios públicos adyacentes.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">En Santiago de Chile, como en  otras ciudades de América Latina, ha aumentado el número de comunidades con  acceso controlado en la última década. Y tal como se indicó anteriormente, no  solo hay muchos investigadores que criticaron el rol de estas comunidades en el  mejoramiento del sentido de seguridad de los residentes, sino que también dichas  comunidades ayudan a aumentar el sentido de inseguridad de los residentes, al  evitar el movimiento natural de los peatones. De hecho, como se explicó, el  movimiento natural de todo tipo de personas, ya sea residentes o no residentes,  permitiría la vigilancia natural de los espacios y fomentaría el sentido de la  seguridad. Greene y Greene (2003), que analizaron el sentido de inseguridad en  Santiago de Chile, encontraron que el aumento del movimiento natural de los  peatones ayudaría a aumentar el sentido de seguridad de los habitantes en las  áreas residenciales de Santiago.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Por lo tanto, la configuración  espacial que se crea al proporcionar el patrón especial de coexistencia de  diferentes grupos de peatones, ya sea residentes o no residentes, contribuye al  movimiento natural de peatones en áreas urbanas y residenciales. Y dicho  movimiento natural de peatones en áreas residenciales ayudaría a aumentar el  sentido de seguridad de los residentes. Por lo tanto, surge la siguiente  hipótesis: la configuración urbana mediante el aumento del movimiento natural de  peatones en diferentes espacios de áreas residenciales, contribuye a la  percepción de seguridad de los residentes (<a href="#fig2">Figura 2</a>).</font></p>     <p align="center"><a name="fig2"> <img border="0" src="/img/fbpe/ag/v32n63/art11fig2.gif" width="499" height="153"></a></p>     
<p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Conclusión</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Hemos presentado las diversas  teorías y hallazgos empíricos sobre la percepción de inseguridad y temor a la  delincuencia en el entorno urbano. Estas teorías y sus hallazgos empíricos  relacionados resaltan la contribución de varios factores individuales, sociales  y ambientales a la percepción de inseguridad y temor a la delincuencia, como se  presenta en la <a href="#tab1">Tabla 1</a>.</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Se destaca la configuración  espacial urbana como uno de los principales aspectos del entorno edificado. Con  respecto a esto, se discutieron las teorías del espacio defendible y la  comunidad virtual. Se gestó la idea de la comunidad con acceso controlado sobre  la base de la teoría del espacio defendible. Muchas de estas comunidades se  pueden observar en las grandes ciudades de América Latina, como Santiago de  Chile. Estas comunidades tienden a aumentar la vigilancia de los residentes con  respecto al movimiento de los no residentes dentro de las áreas residenciales,  mediante la prevención y el control de sus entradas con rejas o paredes ciegas.  Sin embargo, según la teoría de la comunidad virtual, el movimiento natural de  los peatones, incluyendo diferentes grupos de personas, ya sean residentes o no  residentes, proporciona una vigilancia natural en el espacio y conduce al  aumento del sentido de seguridad de los residentes. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que  se examine la hipótesis que surge en este documento en las áreas residenciales  de Santiago y ciudades de América Latina. Esta hipótesis considera los efectos  de configuración urbana en el sentido de la seguridad de los residentes sobre la  base de la teoría de la comunidad virtual.</font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Notas</b></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">* Este trabajo es apoyado por  la financiación postdoctoral del Centro para el Desarrollo Urbano Sostenible (CEDEUS,  Conicyt/Fondap 15110020).</font></p>     <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><font face="Verdana" size="2"> <b><span lang="PT-BR">Referencias</span></b></font></p>     <!-- ref --><p style="text-align:justify;line-height:normal"><font face="Verdana"> <span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: ITC Century Std Light; color: black"> <font size="2">1. Amérigo, M. &amp; Aragonés, J. I. 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