Roman Alvarez¹, Fernando A. Londoño²,*, Fidel Guerrero³

1: LIEC/DQ, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, 13565-905, São Carlos-SP, Brazil.

2: Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 67 # 53-108 Of 6-105 Medellín – Colombia.

3: Departamento de Física, ICE, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 69077-000, Manaus-AM, Brazil.

*e-mail: fernandoa.londono@udea.edu.co

ABSTRACT

The thermally stimulated processes in a pyrochlore-type ceramic ionic conductor were examined by the thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) technique. Three polarization processes have been found in the thermogram. The first one, revealed to result from the convolution of three simple processes with approximately similar activation energies value and can be basically attributed to the reorientation of cation-anion dipoles by means of nearest-neighbor (NN) to nearest-neighbor jumps (that is to say, a NN®NN relaxation type). The second process originated most likely also from a dipolar mechanism now involving nearest-neighbor to next-nearest-neighbor relaxation processes (NN®NNN relaxation type). On the other hand, the third process has been related to a space-charge relaxation, arising from the migration of K⁺ free-charge carriers. The activation energies and the pre-exponential factors for all these mechanisms were also reported.

Keywords: TSDC, Depolarization, Activation energy, Space Charge

Procesos estimulados térmicamente en una cerámica conductora iónica por la técnica de TSDC

Los procesos térmicamente estimulados en una cerámica conductora iónica de tipo pirocloro fueron examinados por la técnica de corriente de despolarización térmicamente estimulada (TSDC). Tres procesos de polarización han sido encontrados en el termograma. El primero de ellos, revelado como resultado de la convolución de tres procesos simples con aproximadamente similar valor de energías de activación y básicamente puede ser atribuido a la reorientación de los dipolos catión-anión por medio de saltos de vecino más cercano (NN) a vecino más cercano (es decir, una relajación de tipo NN®NN). El segundo proceso se originó muy probablemente también de un mecanismo dipolar ahora involucrando procesos de relajación del vecino más cercano a los próxima vecino más cercanos (relajación del tipo NN®NNN). Por otro lado, el tercer proceso ha sido relacionado con una relajación de carga espacial, surgida de la migración de los portadores de cargas libres K⁺. Las energías de activación y los factores pre-exponenciales para todos estos mecanismos también fueron reportados.

Palabras Claves: TSDC, Depolarización, Energia de Activación, Carga Espacial

Recibido: 21-07-2014; Revisado: 07-05-2015

Aceptado: 08-05-2015; Publicado: 28-06-2015

1. INTRODUCTION

The transport properties of ionic materials are usually studied by performing conductivity, diffusion or thermo-power measurements at different temperatures. An alternative method to study the transport phenomena is to employ the thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) spectroscopy [1, 2]. This method can be shortly described according to the following basic steps; the sample is clamped between two electrodes and heated to a certain temperature labeled as T_p (depending on the material), and a dc electrical field (E_p) is applied for a time interval, t_p, in order to polarize it, where t_p is much longer than the relaxation time t (T_p). By keeping the electric field turned-on, the sample is then cooled down to a low temperature T_o, and thus the polarization is frozen in. Then, the sample is heated at a constant rate in absence of the external field, and the depolarization current I(T) can be recorded as a function of the temperature by using an electrometer connected in series. The TSDC spectrum can be thus obtained [3, 4]. Under the action of an external electric field, the polarization for an ionic dielectric arises from three main components [3, 5, 6]: i- the atomic and ionic polarization; ii- the dipolar polarization and iii- the free charge transport polarization. The latter one (iii) involves two phenomena, the space-charge polarization (a) and the interfacial polarization (b). The TSDC technique can successfully detect the second (ii) and third (iii) processes.

For the simplest case, that is to say, considering rotation of non-interacting dipoles, the signal I(T) obeys the following expression:

where P₀ is the initial polarization of the dielectric, A is the area of the sample, E_a is the activation energy of the rotating dipoles and t₀ is the usual preexponential factor in the time relaxation Arrhenius’ relation [t(T) = t₀ exp(E_a/kT)], being k is the Boltzmann’s constant.

The parameter a_i is a coefficient of proportionality between each type of ionic site. In the practice, the index i does not exceed three or four [4]. On the other hand, the case of the space-charge polarization is more complicated [4, 5]. The corresponding TSDC peaks are commonly sensitive to the electrode used on the sample surface. The polarization state depends on the storage condition and the electret’s prehistory [4]. The competing mechanisms (e.g. bulk space charge, interfacial polarization and charge injection) also make the space-charge peaks irreproducible when experiments using different E_p intensities are performed. It makes impossible to construct an analytical equation, although several expressions have been previously suggested [4, 5, 9].

This technique has been applied to different classes of ceramic materials [5, 7, 10-13]. The aim of the present work is to explore the applicability of TSDC to KSbMoO₆ (KSM) ionic ceramic. The more general pyrochlore structure are formed by the A³⁺ ₂B⁴⁺ ₂O₇ and A²⁺ ₂B⁵⁺ ₂O₇ stoichiometry [14]. The pyrochlore structure shows varied physical properties spanning electronic insulators (e.g. La₂Zr₂O₇), ionic (Gd_1.9Ca_0.1Ti₂O_6.9), mixed ionic and electronic conductors, metallic conductors (Bi₂Ru₂O_7-δ), superconducting (Cd₂Re₂O₇) and spin glass systems (Y2Mo2O7). When doped appropriately, this system is particularly susceptible to be slightly oxygen deficient; e.g. A_2-xA'_xB₂O_7-δ or A₂B_2-xB'_xO_7-δ. The KSM present an oxygen deficient pyrochlore-type. In this material, the effect of bound water, at low temperatures range, has investigated by thermoelectric analysis and impedance spectroscopy and reported by the authors [15, 16]. The correlation between relaxation process and the variation of their electrical parameters with the state of hydration were studied to explore its application as a humidity sensor. On the other hand, for the dehydration state (total water loss), two effects was detected, above 200 °C, which were attributed to transitions in the electrical behavior [15]. In the present work, several processes of ionic nature and charge-related are studied in the dehydrate material by the TSDC spectroscopy.

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The KSbMoO₆ pyrochlore-type ceramic oxide was obtained from the conventional sintering technique, as previously reported [15]. For the TSDC measurements, the samples were pressed into disks with 10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness and conductive silver paint, with its corresponding firing process, was applied on the parallel faces as electrodes. A Keithley 246 DC power supply was used for polarizing these samples with an applied electric field (E_p) of 1x10⁴ V/m during 30 min (t_p). The temperature was measured by a chromel-alumel thermocouple directly connected to a temperature controller using constant heating rate (b) of 5 K/min, from room temperature up to 800 K. The depolarization current was measured using a digital Keithley Electrometer 614. The experimental set-up was controlled by a personal computer. A conventional peak cleaning technique [4] was also applied, so that a precise splitting of the involved processes was obtained, as discussed in the next section.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1 shows the temperature dependence of the current (thermogram) measured over a wide temperature range. As can be seen, three peaks involving three different relaxation mechanisms were observed. A first peak was obtained at lower temperatures (LT1), with a maximum at the temperature T_m = 515 K, the second one (LT2) was observed at T_m = 618 K and the third one was obtained at higher temperatures (HT), around T_m = 775 K.

The first peak (LT1) was analyzed by applying the Bucci-Fieschi-Guidi (BFG) theory [1], for simple dipolar relaxation-type processes, and the parameters that characterize this relaxation process were found by the analytic initial rise and integral area methods [4]. The relaxation process parameters have been evaluated from the equation (1). A good fitting between the theoretical and experimental curves was obtained for temperatures around (above and below) the peak, while a divergence between the experimental and theoretical curves was observed for temperature far away both sides of the peak. Thus, as shown in figure 2, the existence of three overlapped processes was assumed, and the experimental data was adjusted from the equations (2) and (3). Each one of these processes successfully responds to the equation (1) and their parameters are given in the table 1. It can be also noticed that the activation energies associated to these three processes are very close one to each other.

In order to better address this problem, several considerations previously reported in the literature have been taken into account. For instance, in a TSDC study on mordenite Na⁺ zeolite [7], it has been considered that differences in the activation energy values, extracted from the material’s thermogram, were related to both aspects, the cation coordination with the oxygen atoms in each site, and to the site geometry. Nevertheless, previous works conducted on pyrochlore-type materials [17-19] determined, from structural characterization, that the alkaline cations have more than one coordination number with oxygen atoms, and may thus occupy more than one nonequivalent site in the structure. Following this idea, the LT1 relaxation process can be here assumed to arise from cation-anion arrangements that should be located in three different energy positions of the framework, but with activation energy values very close one each other. From the basis of dealing with a dipolar process that normally manifests at relatively lower temperatures, the magnitude order of the calculated activation energy suggests that the cation-anion dipole relaxation involves nearest neighbor to nearest-neighbor jumps (NN®NN relaxation type) of the K⁺ cation in coordination with the neighboring oxygen atoms.

The second peak (LT2) in figure 1, was again adjusted from the Bucci-Fieschi-Guidi (BFG) theory. A good fitting between the experimental and theoretical curves was also observed, as illustrated in the figure 3. The value of the activation energy for this process, estimated from the analytic methods described above, was around 1.134 eV, while the pre-exponential factor was around 2.395x10^-7 s. It can be noticed that the activation energy values from the LT1 and LT2 processes are relatively similar. Nevertheless, on the basis of the relatively high value of the pre-exponential factor (10^-7 s against 10^-10-10^-11 s for LT1), the LT2 process could be associated with a dipolar relaxation of nearest neighbor to next nearest-neighbor (NN®NNN relaxation type) [20] in the same sublattice of K⁺ cations or in the sublattice of rigid octahedron (Sb,Mo)O₄. Further studies are required in order to accurately approach this issue.

As regards the high temperature (HT) peak, as shown in the figure 4, it can be noted that both amplitude I_max and position T_max gradually decrease with the decrease of the polarization temperature T_p, while keeping constant the other polarization conditions (E_p, t_p and T₀). To account for such observed TSDC response, two ways may be considered. That is, this peak could result either from a dipole relaxation time distribution or from a space-charge polarization [3, 5]. The first case can be excluded because the dipolar polarization normally manifests at lower temperatures, being moreover I_max and T_max linear functions of T_p [3, 4], in total contrast with the results shown in figure 5.

Another important fact that should be pointed out is that quantitative characteristics of this HT peak were weakly reproducible under identical measurement conditions (T_p, E_p, t_p and T_o). This remark strongly suggests that a space-charge polarization mechanism has to be preferably considered [21, 22]. This conclusion is further supported by the calculated TSDC parameters characterizing this process: E_a = 0.91 eV and t₀ = 6.8x10^-5 s, for T_p = 530 K, and E_a = 0.93 eV and t₀ = 5.8x10^-5 s, for T_p = 670 K. It is worth mentioning that the temperature region over which the HT peak is activated coincides with the region where, in the KSbMoO₆ pyrochlore-type compound, an insulator-ionic conductor transition normally takes place, as previously reported in the literature [13 15], which should be promoted by highly mobile K⁺ cations.

4. CONCLUSIONS

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors acknowledge to CAPES and FAPESP Brazilian agencies for financial support. The helpful discussion by Dr. J. D. S. Guerra (Ferroelectrics and Multifunctional Materials Group, Physics Institute, UFU, MG-Brazil) is also gratefully. This research was partially supported by Colombian Agencies: CODI-Universidad de Antioquia (Estrategia de Sostenibilidad 2014-2015 de la Universidad de Antioquia Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Universidad de Antioquia

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