<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0535-5133</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigación Clínica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Invest. clín]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0535-5133</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0535-51332012000200003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Mycoplasmas y anticuerpos anti-Chlamydia en semen de hombres infértiles y su relación con la calidad seminal y los marcadores de glándulas sexuales accesorias masculinas]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Mycoplasmas and antibodies anti-Chlamydia in semen of infertile men and their relationship with seminal quality and markers of male accessory sex glands]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lozano-Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vivas-Acevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Giovanny]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Muñoz de Vera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Gladys]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Los Andes Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis CEDIEG]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Mérida]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Simón Bolívar Departamento de Biología de los Organismos ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>138</fpage>
<lpage>147</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0535-51332012000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0535-51332012000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0535-51332012000200003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[La infertilidad masculina puede deberse a inflamación o infección del tracto genital entre otras causas. En el problema de la infertilidad masculina pueden estar implicadas las glándulas sexuales accesorias y la función espermática. En este trabajo se trata de asociar los gérmenes más frecuentes en semen de hombres infértiles incluyendo Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis y Ureaplasma urealyticum con las características seminales, y los niveles de fructosa, ácido cítrico y a-glucosidasa neutra como marcadores de las glándulas sexuales accesorias masculinas. La detección de los anticuerpos indicó que C. trachomatis fue el germen de mayor prevalencia. Los anticuerpos (Acs) anti-Chlamydia, Mycoplasma hominis y Ureaplasma urealyticum se asociaron con descenso de los marcadores glandulares fructosa y a-glucosidasa. Por otra parte se observó aumento del pH y leucocitospermia en los pacientes con Acs anti-Chlamydia. La evaluación microbiológica y la bioquímica del semen orientarían más sobre la propagación de la infección y permitiría seleccionar la terapia más efectiva. Se observó que es importante la evaluación microbiológica y de los marcadores de glándulas accesorias sexuales masculinas en el semen para diagnosticar y tratar las infecciones masculinas]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Male infertility may be due to inflammation or infection of the genital tract among other causes. Male accessory sex glands and sperm function may also be involved in the problem of infertility. This study tries to associate the most frequent bacteria in semen of infertile men including Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum with the seminal characteristics and levels of fructose, citric acid and a-neutral glucosidase as markers of the accessory glands. Detection of antibodies anti Chlamydia trachomatis indicated that it was the most prevalent germ. Antibodies (Ab) anti-Chlamydia, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum were associated with a decrease of the glandular markers fructose and a-neutral glucosidase. On the other hand, there were increased pH and leukocytospermia in men positive for antibodies anti-Chlamydia. Microbiological and biochemical evaluation of semen could orient more about the spread of infection and allow for the selection of the most effective therapy. We find that microbiological and glandular accessory markers assessments in semen are important to diagnose and to treat infections]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[infección]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[espermograma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[marcadores bioquímicos de glándulas accesorias sexuales masculinas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[infection]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[semen analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biochemical markers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[male accessory sex glands]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[  <BASEFONT SIZE="3"> <font face="Verdana" size="2"> <A NAME="clinica-2"></A><A NAME="_VPID_7"></A> </font>     <P ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Mycoplasmas y anticuerpos anti-</B><I><B>Chlamydia</B></I><B> en semen de hombres inf&#233;rtiles  y su relaci&#243;n con la calidad seminal y los marcadores     <BR> de gl&#225;ndulas sexuales  accesorias masculinas.&nbsp;</B> </FONT></P> <font face="Verdana" size="2"> <A NAME="_VPID_8"></A> </font>     <P ALIGN="center"><b><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <I>Ricardo Lozano-Hern&#225;ndez </I><SUP><I>1</I></SUP><I>, Giovanny Vivas-Acevedo </I><SUP><I>1</I></SUP><I> y Mar&#237;a Gladys Mu&#241;oz  de Vera</I><SUP><I> 2</I></SUP><I>.&nbsp;</I> </FONT></b></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"> <FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" FACE="Verdana" SIZE="2"><SUP>1 </SUP>Centro Diagn&#243;stico de Infertilidad y Enfermedades Gen&#233;ticas (CEDIEG), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioan&#225;lisis, Universidad de Los Andes. M&#233;rida, Venezuela.</FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" FACE="Verdana" SIZE="2"><SUP>2 </SUP>Departamento  de Biolog&#237;a de los Organismos, Universidad Sim&#243;n Bol&#237;var.  Caracas, Venezuela.</FONT></P><basefont>     <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Autor de  correspondencia. Ricardo Lozano-Hernández. Centro Diagnóstico de Infertilidad y  Enfermedades Genéticas (CEDIEG), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis, Universidad  de Los Andes. Mérida, Venezuela. Correo electrónico: </font> <font color="#0000ff" size="2" face="Verdana"><u> <a href="mailto:ricardolozanoh@hotmail.com">ricardolozanoh@hotmail.com</a></u></font><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">.  Teléfonos 0274-2403410 y 0416-9764664.&nbsp; </font></p>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Resumen</B>.</FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> La infertilidad masculina puede deberse a inflamaci&#243;n o infecci&#243;n  del tracto genital entre otras causas. En el problema de la infertilidad  masculina pueden estar implicadas las gl&#225;ndulas sexuales accesorias y la  funci&#243;n esperm&#225;tica. En este trabajo se trata de asociar los g&#233;rmenes m&#225;s  frecuentes en semen de hombres inf&#233;rtiles incluyendo <I>Chlamydia trachomatis</I>,  <I>Mycoplasma hominis </I>y<I> Ureaplasma urealyticum</I> con las caracter&#237;sticas seminales,  y los niveles de fructosa, &#225;cido c&#237;trico y a-glucosidasa neutra como marcadores  de las gl&#225;ndulas sexuales accesorias masculinas. La detecci&#243;n de los anticuerpos  indic&#243; que <I>C. trachomatis</I> fue el germen de mayor prevalencia. Los anticuerpos  (Acs) anti-Chlamydia, <I>Mycoplasma hominis</I> y <I>Ureaplasma urealyticum</I> se asociaron  con descenso de los marcadores glandulares fructosa y a-glucosidasa. Por  otra parte se observ&#243; aumento del pH y leucocitospermia en los pacientes  con Acs anti<I>-</I>Chlamydia. La evaluaci&#243;n microbiol&#243;gica y la bioqu&#237;mica del  semen orientar&#237;an m&#225;s sobre la propagaci&#243;n de la infecci&#243;n y permitir&#237;a  seleccionar la terapia m&#225;s efectiva. Se observ&#243; que es importante la evaluaci&#243;n  microbiol&#243;gica y de los marcadores de gl&#225;ndulas accesorias sexuales masculinas  en el semen para diagnosticar y tratar las infecciones masculinas.</FONT></P> </MULTICOL>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Palabras clave:&nbsp;</B>infecci&#243;n, espermograma, marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de gl&#225;ndulas accesorias  sexuales masculinas.&nbsp; </FONT></P> <MULTICOL GUTTER="31" COLS="2"> </MULTICOL> <MULTICOL GUTTER="31" COLS="2"> <font face="Verdana" size="2"> <A NAME="_VPID_9"></A> </font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Mycoplasmas and antibodies anti-</B><I><B>Chlamydia</B></I><B> in semen  of infertile men and  their relationship with seminal quality and markers of male accessory sex  glands.</B></FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Abstract.</B></FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> Male infertility may be due to inflammation or infection of the  genital tract among other causes. Male accessory sex glands and sperm function  may also be involved in the problem of infertility. This study tries to  associate the most frequent bacteria in semen of infertile men including  <I>Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis </I>and<I> Ureaplasma urealyticum</I> with  the seminal characteristics and levels of fructose, citric acid and a-neutral  glucosidase as markers of the accessory glands. Detection of antibodies  anti <I>Chlamydia trachomatis</I> indicated that it was the most prevalent germ.  Antibodies (Ab) anti-<I>Chlamydia</I>, <I>Mycoplasma hominis </I>and<I> Ureaplasma urealyticum</I>  were associated with a decrease of the glandular markers fructose and a-neutral  glucosidase. On the other hand, there were increased pH and leukocytospermia  in men positive for antibodies anti-<I>Chlamydia</I>. Microbiological and biochemical  evaluation of semen could orient more about the spread of infection and  allow for the selection of the most effective therapy. We find that microbiological  and glandular accessory markers assessments in semen are important to diagnose  and to treat infections.</FONT></P> </MULTICOL>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Keywords:&nbsp;</B> infection, semen analysis, biochemical markers, male accessory sex glands.&nbsp; </FONT></P> <MULTICOL GUTTER="31" COLS="2">     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <I><b>Recibido:</b> 20-09-2011. <b>Aceptado:</b> 17-05-2012</I></FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>INTRODUCCI&#211;N</B></FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> La prevalencia de la infecci&#243;n de las gl&#225;ndulas sexuales accesorias masculinas  ha tomado importancia en las &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, aunque sus efectos sobre  los par&#225;metros seminales cl&#225;sicos y sobre el tracto reproductor femenino  ha sido tambi&#233;n tema de discusi&#243;n (1-4).&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> La infecci&#243;n puede localizarse en una o m&#225;s de las gl&#225;ndulas sexuales accesorias  masculinas a nivel de epid&#237;dimo, ves&#237;culas seminales o pr&#243;stata, tanto  unilateral como bilateralmente (5). La infecci&#243;n masculina se ha asociado  con cambios seminales como descenso en el volumen, la concentraci&#243;n y la  movilidad esperm&#225;tica; adem&#225;s de cambios en los marcadores qu&#237;micos de  gl&#225;ndulas sexuales accesorias e incremento de las especies ox&#237;geno reactivas  (EROS) (6).&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> La infecci&#243;n de ves&#237;culas seminales se ha relacionado con: alteraci&#243;n de  los niveles de fructosa, volumen seminal, y movilidad esperm&#225;tica (7, 8).  Se ha demostrado que en infecci&#243;n prost&#225;tica los niveles de &#225;cido c&#237;trico  disminuyen (9) y guardan relaci&#243;n inversa con la elastasa leucocitaria  (10). Por otra parte se ha asociado descenso de marcadores prost&#225;ticos  con oligoastenoteratozoospermia (10, 11). La epididimitis puede producir  astenozoospermia y los productos secretados por esta gl&#225;ndula tienden a  ser bajos, sin mostrar cambios en la concentraci&#243;n de leucocitos (11).  El descenso de un importante marcador epididimario como la actividad de a-glucosidasa neutra (AGN) se ha asociado con obstrucci&#243;n del transporte  esperm&#225;tico entre epid&#237;dimo y conducto eyaculatorio, en hipoandrogenismo,  y durante o despu&#233;s de un estado de infecci&#243;n/inflamaci&#243;n (12, 13).&nbsp; </FONT></P> </MULTICOL> <MULTICOL GUTTER="31" COLS="2">     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> Se han encontrado diversos microorganismos en los cultivos seminales de  hombres inf&#233;rtiles con y sin leucocitospermia donde se destacan <I>Mycoplasma  hominis</I>, <I>Ureaplasma urealyticum</I>, <I>Chlamydia trachomatis</I>, <I>E. coli</I>, <I>Klebsiella</I>,  <I>Proteus</I>, <I>Enterococcus,</I> <I>Staphylococcus</I> y <I>Neisseria gonorrheae</I> entre otros  (14-16).&nbsp; </FONT></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> A menudo las infecciones causadas <I>Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis  </I>y <I>Ureaplasma urealyticum</I> son asintom&#225;ticas e inespec&#237;ficas (17-20). Se  ha considerado a <I>Chlamydia trachomatis</I> (Cht) el microorganismo m&#225;s com&#250;n  en las enfermedades de transmisi&#243;n sexual hasta en un 40% de las parejas  inf&#233;rtiles (21-22). Los anticuerpos anti-<I>Chlamydia trachomatis</I> (Ac-antiCht)  del iso-tipo IgA se han asociado con una respuesta inflamatoria del tracto  genital masculino, pero no con alteraciones de los par&#225;metros seminales  (23). Se han encontrado t&#237;tulos altos de IgA (Ac-antiCht) en suero de hombres  inf&#233;rtiles; la IgG (Ac-antiCht) se ha correlacionado con baja movilidad,  baja concentraci&#243;n esperm&#225;tica, teratozoospermia, y leucocitospermia (24-25).&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> Entre las especies de Mycoplasma se considera que <I>Ureaplasma urealyticum</I>  afecta el contaje esperm&#225;tico y la movilidad, generando infertilidad (14,  26, 27), mientras que el impacto del <I>Mycoplasma hominis </I>sobre los par&#225;metros  seminales y la fertilidad han sido tema de discusi&#243;n (14, 27).&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <I>U. urealyticum</I> se ha detectado en el 33,7% de las muestras de semen de  hombres inf&#233;rtiles, en las cuales se observ&#243; descenso de la a-glucosidasa  neutra y de la calidad esperm&#225;tica, sin cambios en el volumen seminal,  la fructosa ni la fosfatasa &#225;cida (28). En otro estudio se observ&#243; teratozoospermia  con aumento en la concentraci&#243;n de leucocitos y de especies ox&#237;geno reactivas  asociados a la presencia de <I>U. urealyticum</I> (29).&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> Los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar la calidad seminal y los niveles  de marcadores qu&#237;micos de gl&#225;ndulas sexuales accesorias en hombres inf&#233;rtiles  positivos y negativos para la presencia de Mycoplasmas, otros g&#233;rmenes  y anticuerpos anti- <I>Chlamydia</I>.&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>PACIENTES Y M&#201;TODOS&nbsp;</B> </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> Se estudiaron 300 hombres inf&#233;rtiles de edades comprendidas entre 20 y  57 a&#241;os. Se consideraron inf&#233;rtiles porque no hab&#237;an logrado concebir durante  el transcurso de un a&#241;o manteniendo relaciones sexuales frecuentes (2 a  3 veces por semana) sin el uso de m&#233;todos anticonceptivos. Los individuos  asistieron por infertilidad primaria o secundaria al Centro de Diagn&#243;stico  de Infertilidad y Enfermedades Gen&#233;ticas (CEDIEG) de la Facultad de Farmacia  y Bioan&#225;lisis, Universidad de Los Andes, M&#233;rida-Venezuela, para ser evaluados.  Cada participante fue informado sobre la naturaleza, importancia, objetivos  y alcances de la investigaci&#243;n. A aquellos que decidieron participar voluntariamente  se les solicit&#243; el consentimiento informado por escrito. Para el estudio  se excluyeron pacientes cl&#237;nicamente evaluados con hipogonadismo, varicocele,  hidrocele o diabetes. El estudio fue realizado siguiendo los lineamientos  establecidos en la Declaraci&#243;n de Helsinki para investigaci&#243;n en humanos  rese&#241;ados en el C&#243;digo de Bio&#233;tica y Bioseguridad del FONACIT (30).&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> Tanto las muestras de semen como de suero sangu&#237;neo de los 300 hombres  fueron muestras individuales de cada paciente. Se determin&#243; la frecuencia  de los microorganismos en semen y su relaci&#243;n con los par&#225;metros seminales.  Se compararon los marcadores qu&#237;micos glandulares en los grupos con Ac-antiCht<I>,  M. hominis,</I> <I>U. urealyticum </I>y sin infecci&#243;n.</FONT></P> </MULTICOL> <MULTICOL GUTTER="31" COLS="2">     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Obtenci&#243;n y procesamiento  de las muestras</B>&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Espermograma:</B> las muestras de semen fueron obtenidas por masturbaci&#243;n siguiendo  las pautas establecidas por el quinto manual de la Organizaci&#243;n Mundial  de la Salud para el an&#225;lisis de semen (31).&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> Seguida la licuefacci&#243;n del semen se tomaron 1,5 mL de cada muestra, 1,0  mL se someti&#243; a centrifugaci&#243;n 1500 g durante 10 minutos para obtener plasma  seminal y se guardaron en dos al&#237;cuotas de 200 &#181;L c/u a &#150;20&#176;C para (A)  la determinaci&#243;n de fructosa, &#225;cido c&#237;trico y 1,4 a-glicosidasa neutra.  (B) Los 0,5 mL de semen restante se destinaron para cultivo en placa de  bacterias aer&#243;bicas y microaer&#243;filas facultativas, cultivo en pozos para  <I>Mycoplasma hominis</I>, <I>Ureaplasma urealyticum</I>, <I>Candida albicans</I> y <I>Trichomonas</I>  sp y (C) medici&#243;n de los anticuerpos (Ac) IgA.&nbsp; </FONT></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> Los pacientes con vol&#250;menes seminales muy bajos (&lt;0,5 mL) se evaluaron  en dos fases, primero el an&#225;lisis seminal y los marcadores glandulares,  y en la segunda fase se solicit&#243; una nueva muestra para el an&#225;lisis microbiol&#243;gico  y detecci&#243;n de Ac IgA antiCh.t en un transcurso &lt;15 d&#237;as.</FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Marcadores de gl&#225;ndulas sexuales accesorias masculinas</B>&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Fructosa:</B> se determin&#243; mediante la prueba de Seliwanoff, para lo cual empleamos  resorcinol al 0,5% y HCL concentrado y se expres&#243; en mmol/eyaculado (32,  33).</FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>&#193;cido c&#237;trico:</B> se determin&#243; mediante reacci&#243;n colorim&#233;trica establecida  en el m&#233;todo de Chamb&#243;n y Roe que consisti&#243; en incubar el plasma seminal  con anh&#237;drido ac&#233;tico al 82% y piridina al 18% al fr&#237;o, el producto de  condensaci&#243;n de citrato en medio anh&#237;drido se midi&#243; espectrofotom&#233;tricamente  y la concentraci&#243;n se expres&#243; en mmol/eyaculado como indicador de la funci&#243;n  prost&#225;tica (34).</FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>1,4-aglicosidasa neutra (AGN):</B> se midi&#243; de acuerdo al m&#233;todo fotom&#233;trico  (35, 36). La actividad de AGN se calcul&#243; midiendo el producto de hidr&#243;lisis  paranitrofenol tras 2 horas de incubaci&#243;n a 37&#176;C pH 6,8 y se expres&#243; en  UI/eyaculado.</FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Evaluaci&#243;n microbiol&#243;gica</B>&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Cultivos en placas:</B> a fin de determinar la presencia de cocos y bacilos  aer&#243;bicos y microaer&#243;filos facultativos se realizaron cultivos del sedimento  seminal en placas de agar para el descarte de Enterobacterias, <I>Neisseria  gonorroheae</I>, <I>Streptococcus </I>sp y <I>Staphylococcus </I>sp. Se utilizaron 0,2 mL  de semen fresco en 1,8 mL de soluci&#243;n salina fisiol&#243;gica est&#233;ril, cada  muestra fue mezclada se centrifug&#243; a 1.500 g por diez minutos para remover  el plasma seminal, se descartaron 1,8 mL del sobrenadante y 0,2 mL del  sedimento obtenido fue resuspendido para el cultivo en placa con asa calibrada.  El sedimento libre de plasma seminal fue empleado con el objeto de remover  sustancias bacteriost&#225;ticas propias del semen (37). Los sedimentos se sembraron  en 4 placas de agar: sangre 5% (5%CO</FONT><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" FACE="Verdana" SIZE="2"><SUB>2</SUB>), chocolate (5%CO<SUB>2</SUB>), Thayer-Martin,  manitol salado y Mc Conckey, y se incubaron a 37&#176;C durante 48 horas. A  los cultivos positivos se les realiz&#243; su antibiograma espec&#237;fico (38).&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Cultivos en pozos de Mycoplasmas</B><I><B> M. hominis </B></I><B>y</B><I><B> U. urealyticum</B></I><B>: </B>El semen  fue diluido 1:10 en soluci&#243;n salina fisiol&#243;gica est&#233;ril (0,2 mL+1,8 mL)  y sembrado en pozos con medio enriquecido A7 (Mycoplasma System Plus, Diagnostici  Liofilchem). El estuche conten&#237;a pozos de identificaci&#243;n para <I>M. hominis</I>  y <I>U. urealyticum</I>; con pozos individuales. La identificaci&#243;n, cuantificaci&#243;n  de colonias y susceptibilidad se realizaron siguiendo las instrucciones  de los fabricantes del estuche de diagn&#243;stico. El estuche comercial conten&#237;a  adicionalmente un pozo TR/Y con medio de cultivo para el descarte de <I>Candida  albicans </I>y <I>Trichomonas sp</I>., mediante la observaci&#243;n microsc&#243;pica de clamydiosporas,  hifas o trofozoitos a las 48 h de incubaci&#243;n.</FONT></P> </MULTICOL> <MULTICOL GUTTER="31" COLS="2">     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Determinaci&#243;n de anticuerpos (Acs) anti </B><I><B>Chlamydia</B></I></FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Anticuerpos locales IgA Ac-antiCht: </B>Se us&#243; un estuche comercial (Sero ELISA;  El Diagn&#243;stico de Savyon, Beer-Sheva, Israel). El procedimiento se realiz&#243;  seg&#250;n las instrucciones del fabricante. Los controles positivos y negativos  fueron incluidos en cada ensayo.</FONT></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>Anticuerpos en sangre perif&#233;rica IgG Ac-antiCht:</B> A cada paciente se le  extrajeron 3 mL de sangre venosa. Post coagulaci&#243;n los sueros se obtuvieron  por centrifugaci&#243;n a 1500 g durante 15 minutos y se guardaron a &#150;20&#176;C hasta  el momento del an&#225;lisis, siguiendo las mismas pautas sugeridas por el estuche  comercial para IgG Ac-antiCht (Sero ELISA; El diagn&#243;stico de Savyon, Beer-Sheva,  Israel).&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> Valores de absorbancia por encima del l&#237;mite para anticuerpos IgG (perif&#233;ricos)  e IgA (locales) se consideraron positivos para <I>C. trachomatis</I>.&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> El an&#225;lisis descriptivo de las variables categ&#243;ricas se realiz&#243; a trav&#233;s  de frecuencias simples y porcentajes simples. Se emple&#243; la prueba de t-student  para el an&#225;lisis inferencial, tomando en cuenta un valor de p &lt; 0,05. Para  el an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico se utiliz&#243; el programa Statistical Package for  Social Sciences (SPSS) versi&#243;n 10.0.&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>RESULTADOS</B></FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> El estudio de las muestras obtenidas de los 300 pacientes determin&#243; que  141 de ellos (46,9%) ten&#237;an cultivos positivos o la presencia de Ac-antiCht  IgA y/o IgG. Los Ac-antiCht estaban presentes en un 21,3% de los 300 pacientes.  De los 64 pacientes positivos para Ac-antiCht 42,3% presentaron las isoformas  IgA, 18,7% la forma IgG y ambas un 39%. En los cultivos de semen se identificaron  8 microorganismos diferentes cuya distribuci&#243;n se encuentra en la  <a href="#tab1">Tabla&nbsp;I</a>.  Diez de estos 300 pacientes fueron positivos para dos o m&#225;s g&#233;rmenes (&#179;2)  simult&#225;neamente mientras que cinco presentaron Ac-antiCht simult&#225;neamente  con otro microorganismo.</FONT></P><basefont>     <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana"><a name="tab1"> <b>TABLA I</b>.</a> FRECUENCIA DE BACTERIAS Y DE ANTICUERPOS <i>ANTI-Chlamydia</i>  IDENTIFICADOS EN LOS PACIENTES&nbsp; </font></p>     <div align="center">   <table id="table1" width="580">     <tr>       <td bgColor="#c3c3c2" vAlign="top" width="164">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp; </font>       </td>       <td bgColor="#c3c3c2" vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">n&nbsp; </font>       </td>       <td bgColor="#c3c3c2" vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">%&nbsp; </font>       </td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="164">           ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Sin        infección&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">159&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">53,1&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="164">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Infección&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">141&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">46,9&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="164">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana"><i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C.        trachomatis&nbsp;</i> </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;64&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">21,3&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="164">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana"><i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;U.        urealyticum&nbsp;</i> </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;24&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;8,0&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="164">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana"><i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;M.        hominis&nbsp;</i> </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;18&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;6,0&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="164">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana"><i>       &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Staphylococcus </i>sp<i>&nbsp;</i> </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;3,3&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="164">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana"><i>       &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Streptococus </i>sp<i>&nbsp;</i> </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;7&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;2,3&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="164">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana"><i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;E.        coli&nbsp;</i> </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;1,0&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="164">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana"><i>       &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Klebsiella </i>sp<i>&nbsp;</i> </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;3&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;1,0&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="164">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana"><i>       &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Enterobacter </i>sp.<i>&nbsp;</i> </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;0,3&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="164">           ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana"><i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;N.        gonorrhoeae&nbsp;</i> </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;0,3&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="164">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;³ 2        gérmenes&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;10&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;3,3&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="164">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Total&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">300&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="221"><font face="Verdana" size="2">&nbsp;</font></td>     </tr>   </table> </div>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> Al comparar las caracter&#237;sticas seminales de los grupos Ac-antiCht<I>, </I>Mycoplasmas  (<I>M. hominis + U. urealyticum</I>) y el grupo denominado positivo para otros  pat&#243;genos (<I>Staphylococcus sp + Streptococus sp + E. coli + Klebsiella sp  + Enterobacter sp</I>) con el grupo sin infecci&#243;n, no se encontraron diferencias  significativas en cuanto al valor promedio de volumen, producci&#243;n esperm&#225;tica,  morfolog&#237;a ni movilidad. En el grupo positivo para Ac-antiCht la concentraci&#243;n  de leucocitos fue significativamente m&#225;s alta<I> </I>(p&lt;0,001). Los pacientes  con infecci&#243;n por dos o m&#225;s g&#233;rmenes no se incluyeron en este estudio (<a href="#tab2">Tabla II</a>).&nbsp;</FONT></P> <basefont>     <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana"><a name="tab2"> <b>TABLA II</b>.</a> CARACTERÍSTICAS SEMINALES EN HOMBRES INFÉRTILES SIN  INFECCIÓN Y POSITIVOS PARA MYCOPLASMAS, OTROS PATÓGENOS Y ANTICUERPOS ANTI-<i>Chlamydia  trachomatis</i>&nbsp; </font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div align="center">   <table id="table2" width="580">     <tr>       <td bgColor="#c3c3c2" vAlign="top" width="172">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp; </font>       </td>       <td bgColor="#c3c3c2" vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Sin        infección n=159&nbsp; </font></td>       <td bgColor="#c3c3c2" vAlign="top" width="128">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Positivos        para    <br>       <i>M. hominis</i> y    <br>       <i>U. urealyticum</i>&nbsp; </font></p>           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">n=42&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td bgColor="#c3c3c2" vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Otros        patógenos n=25&nbsp; </font></td>       <td bgColor="#c3c3c2" vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Con        Ac-antiCht IgA y/o IgG&nbsp; </font></p>           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">n=64&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="172">           ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Volumen        seminal (mL)&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       &nbsp;&nbsp;3,1±0,13&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="128">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       &nbsp;&nbsp;2,8±0,22&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       &nbsp;&nbsp;3,3±0,26&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       &nbsp;&nbsp;3,0±0,13&nbsp; </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="172">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Producción        espermática (10<sup>6 </sup>/eyaculado )&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       196,5±13,21&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="128">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       186,4±22,54&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       218,6±45,14&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       157,7±17,64&nbsp; </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="172">           ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Morfología(%        de normales)&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">28,4±0,97&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="128">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">24,4±1,49&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">26,2±2,22&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">29,5±1,88&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="172">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Esp. Móviles        Progresivos (% )&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">40,4±1,72&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="128">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">41,1±3,41&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">44,2±4,78&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">42,6±2,29&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="172">           ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Leucocitos        (10<sup>6</sup>/mL)&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       &nbsp;&nbsp;0,6±0,04&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="128">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       &nbsp;&nbsp;0,7±0,06&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       &nbsp;&nbsp;0,7±0,06&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="102">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;1,4±0,14<sup>&nbsp;</sup>       </font></td>     </tr>   </table> </div>     <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana"><sup>a</sup>  P&lt;0,001. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Valores promedio ± error estándar (EE). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Morfología (% de formas  normales); espermatozoides móviles progresivos: rápidos + lentos. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pacientes  positivos para <i>Mycoplasma hominis </i>y<i> Ureaplasma urealyticum</i> [Pos(+)  Mh y Uu]; otros patógenos y con Anticuerpos anti-<i>Chlamydia</i> (Ac-antiCht)  IgA y/o IgG comparados con pacientes sin infección: a p&lt;0,001 t-student no  pareado de una cola.</font></p>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> La valoraci&#243;n bioqu&#237;mica de los marcadores glandulares revel&#243; que el marcador  de ves&#237;culas seminales (fructosa) se encontr&#243; disminuido cuando estaban  presentes los Ac-antiCht (p&lt;0,001) y los Mycoplasmas (p&lt;0,01); el marcador  prost&#225;tico (ac. c&#237;trico) no present&#243; diferencias significativas en ninguno  de los grupos; el marcador epidimario (a-glucosidasa) estaba significativamente  reducido en el grupo con Ac-antiCht (p&lt;0,001) y Mycoplasmas (p&lt;0,005);  y se observ&#243; aumento significativo del pH en el grupo con Ac-anti Cht al  ser comparados con el grupo sin infecci&#243;n. Los pacientes con &#179;2 g&#233;rmenes  no se incluyeron en estos grupos (<a href="#tab3">Tabla III</a>).</FONT></P> <basefont>     <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana"><b> <a name="tab3">TABLA III.</a> </b>MARCADORES GLANDULARES Y pH EN HOMBRES  INFÉRTILES SIN INFECCIÓN Y POSITIVOS PARA MYCOPLASMAS, OTROS PATOGENOS Y  ANTICUERPOS ANTI-<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>&nbsp; </font></p>     <div align="center">   <table id="table3" width="580">     <tr>       <td bgColor="#c3c3c2" vAlign="top" width="140">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Marcador&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td bgColor="#c3c3c2" vAlign="top" width="116">           ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Sin        infección n=159&nbsp; </font></td>       <td bgColor="#c3c3c2" vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Positivos        para    <br>       <i>M. hominis </i>y    <br>       <i>U. urealyticum</i>&nbsp; </font></p>           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">n=42&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td bgColor="#c3c3c2" vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Otros        patógenos n=25&nbsp; </font></td>       <td bgColor="#c3c3c2" vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Con        Ac-antiCht IgA y/o IgG&nbsp; </font></p>           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">n=64&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="140">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Fructosa        µmol/eyac&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">44,4±2,79&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">38,0±2,23<sup>a</sup>&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">63,5±10,6&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">17,3± 0,8<sup>c</sup>&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="140">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Ac.cítrico        µmol/eyac&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       75,86±3,01&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">80,1±7,85&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">73,0±6,8&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">64,9±4,0&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="140">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       a-glucosidasa U/eyac&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">69,1±2,02&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">21,2±1,37<sup>b</sup>&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">58,8±3,6&nbsp;       </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">16,5±9,7<sup>c</sup>&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>     <tr>       <td vAlign="top" width="140">           <p align="left"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">pH&nbsp; </font>       </td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       &nbsp;&nbsp;7,8±0,02&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       &nbsp;&nbsp;7,9±0,04&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">       &nbsp;&nbsp;7,8±0,06&nbsp; </font></td>       <td vAlign="top" width="116">           <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">&nbsp;&nbsp;8,1±0,05<sup>c</sup>&nbsp;       </font></td>     </tr>   </table> </div>     <p align="center"><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">Valores promedio  ± error estándar (EE). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Concentración de fructosa y ácido cítrico en µmol/eyaculado,  actividad de a-glucosidasa en Unidades/eyaculado (U/eyac). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pacientes  positivos para <i>Mycoplasma hominis </i>y<i> Ureaplasma urealyticum,</i> otros  patógenos y con Anticuerpos anti-<i>Chlamydia</i> (Ac-antiCht) IgA y/o IgG  comparados con pacientes sin infección:</font><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Caslon224 Bk BT"><font color="#1f1a17" face="Verdana"><sup>  a</sup></font><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">p&lt;0,01; </font> <font color="#1f1a17" face="Verdana"><sup>b</sup></font><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">p&lt;0,005; </font><font color="#1f1a17" face="Verdana"><sup>c</sup></font><font color="#1f1a17" size="2" face="Verdana">p&lt;0,001  t-student no pareado de una cola.</font></font></p> </MULTICOL> <MULTICOL GUTTER="31" COLS="2">     <P ALIGN="justify"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>DISCUSI&#211;N</B></FONT></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> La determinaci&#243;n de anticuerpos IgG e IgA Ac-anti Cht como indicador de  que los pacientes han estado o est&#225;n expuestos a este pat&#243;geno, y la detecci&#243;n  de otros pat&#243;genos por cultivo de semen, demostr&#243; que la mayor incidencia  en pacientes inf&#233;rtiles positivos para infecci&#243;n correspond&#237;a a la presencia  de anticuerpos anti Ch.t (64/141), coincidiendo con otras investigaciones  con similares resultados. Cht no fue detectada directamente sino por la  determinaci&#243;n de sus anticuerpos, considerando su importancia diagn&#243;stica  porque demuestran si el paciente ha estado en contacto reciente o pasado  con Cht. Especialmente la exposici&#243;n pasada al pat&#243;geno (IgG antiCht) se  ha asociado con efectos negativos en el tracto genital masculino (24, 25).</FONT></P> </MULTICOL> <MULTICOL GUTTER="31" COLS="2">     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> De los 64 pacientes positivos para Ac-antiCht, 52 presentaron el isotipo  IgA, lo que indicar&#237;a una respuesta inmunol&#243;gica activa a nivel local,  tal como lo han se&#241;alado otros autores en poblaciones de hombres inf&#233;rtiles  (21, 22). Los Ac-anti Cht tipo IgA se han asociado con una respuesta inflamatoria  del tracto genital masculino, pero no con los par&#225;metros seminales (23,  24, 39), lo que se confirma con lo observado en este estudio. La evaluaci&#243;n  seminal en este grupo revel&#243; diferencias significativas en lo que se refiere  a leucocitospermia y alteraciones de pH; ambos par&#225;metros se asocian a  presencia de infecciones en el tracto genital masculino y a una activaci&#243;n  de la respuesta inmunol&#243;gica (36). Por otra parte los grupos de pacientes  positivo para Ac-anti Cht y para Mycoplasmas demostraron tener valores  significativamente m&#225;s bajos en los marcadores qu&#237;micos de las gl&#225;ndulas  accesorias correspondientes a fructosa y a-glucosidasa, lo que indicar&#237;a  alteraciones sobre las secreciones provenientes de ves&#237;culas seminales  y el epid&#237;dimo. El da&#241;o tisular causado por infecci&#243;n o por inflamaci&#243;n  puede alterar la funci&#243;n secretora de las gl&#225;ndulas accesorias que a su  vez repercutir&#237;an en la fisiolog&#237;a esperm&#225;tica (39, 40).</FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> La incidencia de <I>M. hominis</I> <I>y U urealyticum alcanzaron</I> un 8 y 6% respectivamente.  Este grupo analizado en conjunto y en comparaci&#243;n con el grupo negativo  para infecci&#243;n, demostr&#243; que no exist&#237;an diferencias significativas en  sus par&#225;metros seminales, lo que coincide con los resultados obtenidos  por Sweih en 2011 (41); sin embargo, al igual que en los pacientes positivos  para Ac-anti Cht los valores de fructosa y a-glucosidasa fueron significativamente  m&#225;s bajos que en el grupo negativo para infecci&#243;n, los cuales se asocian  con baja funci&#243;n glandular, en particular epid&#237;dimo y ves&#237;culas seminales.  Si los par&#225;metros seminales: volumen, concentraci&#243;n, morfolog&#237;a, movilidad  resultan ser normales, existe el riesgo de que la infecci&#243;n pase desapercibida  si no se miden los valores de marcadores de gl&#225;ndulas accesorias y no se  procede de rutina al despistaje de infecciones en el tracto genital masculino,  tal como re realiz&#243; en este estudio.</FONT></P> </MULTICOL> <MULTICOL GUTTER="31" COLS="2">     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> La secreci&#243;n de las gl&#225;ndulas accesorias y probablemente la funci&#243;n esperm&#225;tica  pueden verse afectadas por la presencia de <I>M. hominis,</I> <I>U. urealyticum</I> y  la presencia Ac-anti Cht.&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> El diagn&#243;stico junto al antibiograma permitir&#237;a controlar la resistencia  a los antibi&#243;ticos. Adicionalmente, en muchos de estos casos los antimicrobianos  han tenido limitada eficacia porque se trata de compartimientos anat&#243;micos  con barreras que pueden limitar su alcance como por ejemplo la hemato-prost&#225;tica  (42); las lesiones tisulares son mayores a medida que avanza el tiempo,  por ejemplo las prostatitis responden m&#225;s r&#225;pido al tratamiento que las  prostato-vesiculitis y prostato-ves&#237;culo-epididimitis, es decir, se comprometen  m&#225;s gl&#225;ndulas a medida que avanza el tiempo (6). Adem&#225;s, algunos microorganismos  tienden a encapsularse o se adhieren con m&#225;s fuerza al glicoc&#225;lix de la  matr&#237;z extracelular de la gl&#225;ndula, o probablemente los cambios de pH local  de ves&#237;culas seminales (alcalino) o pr&#243;stata (&#225;cido) (43-45) limitan la  eficacia antimicrobiana.&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> Se demostr&#243; que el 42,3% de las muestras seminales de pacientes inf&#233;rtiles  eran positivas para diferentes pat&#243;genos en el tracto genital masculino.  Este hallazgo justifica plenamente la necesidad de incluir en la evaluaci&#243;n  del hombre inf&#233;rtil el despistaje de infecciones y la determinaci&#243;n de  marcadores qu&#237;micos de las gl&#225;ndulas sexuales accesorias masculinas para  aplicar la terapia m&#225;s adecuada y eficiente.&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> En conclusi&#243;n, los cambios seminales sugestivos de infecci&#243;n sugieren la  necesidad de un protocolo de diagn&#243;stico de espermograma, marcadores qu&#237;micos  de gl&#225;ndulas sexuales masculinas, con un cultivo microbiol&#243;gico adecuado,  donde se descarten <I>M. hominis, U. urealyticum </I>y<I> </I>anticuerpos anti-<I>Chlamydia trachomatis </I>como g&#233;rmenes frecuentes asociados a infertilidad.&nbsp; </FONT></P>     <P ALIGN="justify"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> <B>REFERENCIAS&nbsp;</B> </FONT></P>     <!-- ref --><P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT COLOR="#1f1a17" SIZE="2" FACE="Verdana"> 1.<B> Comhaire F, Mahmoud A, Depuydt C, Zalata A, Christophe A</B>. 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