<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0535-5133</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Investigación Clínica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Invest. clín]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0535-5133</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0535-51332023000300355</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54817/ic.v64n3a08</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19 and bacterial superinfections: clinical and microbiological profiles, and determinants of mortality in a reference center in Quito, Ecuador.]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19 y sobreinfección bacteriana: perfil clínico, microbiológico y determinantes de mortalidad en un centro de referencia en Quito, Ecuador.]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dawaher Dawaher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jesús Elías]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salazar Montesdeoca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rafael]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguayo-Moscoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bonilla Poma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wendy C]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vélez-Páez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital General Pablo Arturo Suárez  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Facultad de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Quito ]]></addr-line>
<country>Ecuador</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>355</fpage>
<lpage>367</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0535-51332023000300355&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0535-51332023000300355&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0535-51332023000300355&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The massive prescription of antimicrobials accelerated the generation of multi-resistant bacteria during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This work aims to present the epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological profiles of a series of patients with bacterial superinfections hospitalized in a COVID-19 reference center. We conducted a retrospective observational study in adult COVID-19 patients hospitalized between January and December 2021 who presented with bacterial superinfections. Mortality at discharge was the variable outcome. The median age of the 240 patients included in the study was 55 years, and the male sex predominated at 68.75%. The median stay of hospitalization was 24 days. Superinfections occurred in 55% of patients with mechanical ventilation. The most frequent bacteria were KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae complex (24.17%), ESBL -producing Klebsiella pneumoniae complex (17.92%), and carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.75%). The most used empirical and targeted antibiotic schemes consisted of the association of carbapenem, glycopeptides, and aminoglycosides (56.09 and 38.55%, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, older age (p= 0.006, OR 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01-1.06), central venous catheter-related bacteremia (CLBSI) (p= 0.028, OR 1.94, 95%CI: 1.07-3.49), and the use of colistin associated with other antibiotics as targeted therapy (p: 0.028, OR 12, 95%CI: 1.30-110.52), were independent predictors of mortality. In this series, we found that in patients with COVID-19 and bacterial superinfection, age, CLBSI, and colistin use were independent predictors of non-survival. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were ESBL - and KPC-producing enterobacterales and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli resistant to carbapenems.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, la prescripción masiva de antimicrobianos aceleró la generación de bacterias multirresistentes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar el perfil epidemiológico, clínico y microbiológico de una serie de pacientes con sobreinfección bacteriana, hospitalizados en un centro de referencia COVID-19. Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo, en pacientes adultos hospitalizados entre enero y diciembre de 2021 con COVID-19, que presentaron sobreinfecciones bacterianas. La mortalidad al egreso fue la variable desenlace. En 240 pacientes, la mediana de edad fue 55 años y predominó el sexo masculino 68,75%. La mediana de hospitalización, fue 24 días. El 55% de las sobreinfecciones se presentó en pacientes con ventilación mécanica. Las bacterias más frecuentes, fueron Klebsiella pneumoniae complex productora KPC (24,17%), Klebsiella pneumoniaecomplex productora ESBL (17,92%) y Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente a carbapenémicos (13,75%). Los esquemas antibióticos empíricos y dirigidos más utilizados constaron de la asociación de carbapenémico, glicopéptido y aminoglucósido (56,09 y 38,55% respectivamante). En el análisis multivariado la mayor edad (p= 0,006 OR 1,03 IC95%: 1,01-1,06); la bacteriemia relacionada a catéter venoso central (CLBSI) (p: 0,028 OR 1,94 IC95%: 1,07-3,49) y el uso de colistina asociado a otros antibióticos como terapia dirigida (p= 0,028 OR 12 IC95%: 1,30-110,52), fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad. En esta serie encontramos que en pacientes con COVID-19 y sobreinfección bacteriana, la edad, la CLBSI y el uso de colistina, fueron predictores independientes de no supervivencia. Los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados fueron los enterobacterales productores de ESBL y KPC y los bacilos Gram negativos no fermentadores resistentes a carbapenémicos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sepsis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mortality]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antibacterials]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[septicemia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[COVID-19]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mortalidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[antibacterianos]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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