<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0798-0469</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de la Facultad de Medicina]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[RFM]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0798-0469</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de Medicina. Comisión de Publicaciones de la Facultad de Medicina]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0798-04692004000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Desintegrinas en Veneno de Serpientes: un nuevo enfoque en el tratamiento de las enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Cáncer, Diábetes]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EE]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Texas A & M University-Kingsville Natural Toxins Research Center (NTRC) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Kingsville ]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Central de Venezuela Immunochemistry Section of the Tropical Medicine Institute(NTRC) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Caracas ]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>10</fpage>
<lpage>14</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0798-04692004000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0798-04692004000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0798-04692004000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[RESUMEN. Las Integrinas median la adhesión de células a matriz extracelulares, o a células-células a través de ligandos. La adherencia célula a célula puede ser una agregación homotipica de células semejantes o una agregación heterotípica de diversos tipos celulares. Se plantea, que la función de las integrinas implica mucho más que la adherencia celular. Las Integrinas están implicadas en la transducción, la cual desempeña un papel importante en muchos procesos fisiológicos tales como el desarrollo embrionario, diferenciación, migración de la célula, actividades curativas de la inflamación, la coagulación y la tumorigénesis. Las serpientes de la familia Viperidae tienen una clase de proteínas de bajo peso molecular llamadas desintegrinas, en sus venenos. Estas moléculas han mostrado ser inhibidores potentes de la unión del fibrinógeno a las plaquetas activadas. Se ha demostrado que las desintegrinas se pueden unir a los receptores de las integrinas en las plaquetas y otros tejidos, por ello, podrían tener aplicación potencial en medicina. Las desintegrinas tienen una homología notable con la secuencia y selectividad en sus interacciones con los receptores de las integrinas celulares.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[ABSTRACT: Integrins mediate cells adhesion to extracellular matrix, or cells to cells through ligands. The cell adherence can be a homotypic aggregation of similar cells or a hetrotypic aggregation of various cellular types. It is outlined, that the function of the integrins implies much more that the cellular adherence. Integrins are implied in transduction, which plays an important role in many physiological processes such as the embryonic development, differentiation, cellular migration, curative activities of the inflammation, coagulation and tumorigenesis. Snakes of the Viperidae family have a class of proteins of low molecular weight called disintegrins in their venoms. These molecules have shown be potent inhibitors of the fibrinogen attachment to the platelets. It has been demonstrated that the disintegrins can recognize integrins receptors on platelets and other tissues. Therefore, they could have potential applications in medicine. Disintegrins have a high homology with the sequence and selectivity in their interactions with integrin receptors on cells.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Desintegrinas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Integrinas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Serpientes Viperidae]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Venenos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Disintegrins]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Integrins]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Viperidae Snakes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Venoms]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[   <B>    <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="4">DESINTEGRINAS EN VENENO DE SERPIENTES: UN NUEVO ENFOQUE EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LAS ENFERMEDADES CARDIOVASCULARES, C&Aacute;NCER, DI&Aacute;BETES</font></P> </B>    <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">EE S&aacute;nchez<sup>1</sup>,².</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">¹ Natural Toxins Research Center (NTRC), Texas A&amp;M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX78363, USA.-</font> </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;² Immunochemistry Section of the Tropical Medicine Institute,Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.</font> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">E-mail: <A HREF="mailto:rodriguf@ucv.ve">rodriguf@ucv.ve</A></font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RESUMEN: </font> </B><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Las Integrinas median la adhesi&oacute;n de c&eacute;lulas a matriz extracelulares, o a c&eacute;lulas-c&eacute;lulas a trav&eacute;s de ligandos. La adherencia c&eacute;lula a c&eacute;lula puede ser una agregaci&oacute;n homotipica de c&eacute;lulas semejantes o una agregaci&oacute;n heterot&iacute;pica de diversos tipos celulares. Se plantea, que la funci&oacute;n de las integrinas implica mucho m&aacute;s que la adherencia celular. Las Integrinas est&aacute;n implicadas en la transducci&oacute;n, la cual desempe&ntilde;a un papel importante en muchos procesos fisiol&oacute;gicos tales como el desarrollo embrionario, diferenciaci&oacute;n, migraci&oacute;n de la c&eacute;lula, actividades curativas de la inflamaci&oacute;n, la coagulaci&oacute;n y la tumorig&eacute;nesis.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Las serpientes de la familia Viperidae tienen una clase de prote&iacute;nas de bajo peso molecular llamadas desintegrinas, en sus venenos. Estas mol&eacute;culas han mostrado ser inhibidores potentes de la uni&oacute;n del fibrin&oacute;geno a las plaquetas activadas. Se ha demostrado que las desintegrinas se pueden unir a los receptores de las integrinas en las plaquetas y otros tejidos, por ello, podr&iacute;an tener aplicaci&oacute;n potencial en medicina. Las desintegrinas tienen una homolog&iacute;a notable con la secuencia y selectividad en sus interacciones con los receptores de las integrinas celulares.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Palabras Clave:</font></B> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> Desintegrinas, Integrinas, Serpientes Viperidae, Venenos.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ABSTRACT: </font> </B><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Integrins mediate cells adhesion to extracellular matrix, or cells to cells through ligands. The cell adherence can be a homotypic aggregation of similar cells or a hetrotypic aggregation of various cellular types. It is outlined, that the function of the integrins implies much more that the cellular adherence. Integrins are implied in transduction, which plays an important role in many physiological processes such as the embryonic development, differentiation, cellular migration, curative activities of the inflammation, coagulation and tumorigenesis.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Snakes of the Viperidae family have a class of proteins of low molecular weight called disintegrins in their venoms. These molecules have shown be potent inhibitors of the fibrinogen attachment to the platelets. It has been demonstrated that the disintegrins can recognize integrins receptors on platelets and other tissues. Therefore, they could have potential applications in medicine. Disintegrins have a high homology with the sequence and selectivity in their interactions with integrin receptors on cells.</font></P> <B>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Key Words:</font></B> <font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> Disintegrins, Integrins, Viperidae Snakes, Venoms.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Fecha de Recepci&oacute;n: 03/03/2004 Fecha de Aprobaci&oacute;n: 13/04/2004</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="text-transform: uppercase">Introducci&oacute;n</span></font></P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; El asesino n&uacute;mero uno en Am&eacute;rica es la enfermedad cardiovascular. En 1991, el coraz&oacute;n y las enfermedades vasculares fueron causa de muerte de m&aacute;s de 923.000 norteamericanos. En el resto del mundo, dos de cada cinco personas sufren de enfermedad cardiovascular, con m&aacute;s de 2.500 muriendo de ella cada d&iacute;a. Los accidentes v&aacute;sculo- cerebrales son la tercera causa de muerte, alineada detr&aacute;s de las enfermedades del coraz&oacute;n y de todas las formas de c&aacute;ncer. Los ataques cerebrales matan cerca de 150.000 personas cada a&ntilde;o y son la causa principal de incapacidad del adulto, a largo plazo en los Estados Unidos, con cifras muy similares en Latinoam&eacute;rica<sup>(1)</sup>.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Las serpientes de la familia Viperidae tienen una clase de prote&iacute;nas de bajo peso molecular llamadas desintegrinas, en sus venenos. Estas mol&eacute;culas han mostrado ser inhibidores potentes de la uni&oacute;n del fibrin&oacute;geno a las plaquetas activadas.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Se ha demostrado que las desintegrinas se pueden unir a los receptores de las integrinas en las plaquetas y por ello, podr&iacute;an tener aplicaci&oacute;n potencial en medicina<sup>(2-4)</sup>. Las desintegrinas tienen una homolog&iacute;a notable con la secuencia y selectividad en sus interacciones con los receptores de las integrinas celulares.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Las desintegrinas son mol&eacute;culas de bajo peso molecular, altas en ciste&iacute;na y contienen una secuencia RGD (arg, gly, y asp o Arg-Gly-Asp) que act&uacute;en como antagonistas de agregaci&oacute;n plaquetaria. Estos p&eacute;ptidos se llaman «desintegrinas» porque bloquean la interacci&oacute;n de ligandos adhesivos a los receptores de las integrinas en las c&eacute;lulas<sup>(5)</sup>. Muchas desintegrinas encontradas en venenos de serpiente son capaces de unirse a las integrinas y de interferir con la funci&oacute;n de dicha integrina.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; En veneno de serpiente se han aislado y caracterizado alrededor de 60 desintegrinas<sup>(1,2,6-12)</sup>. Generalmente, las desintegrinas contienen una secuencia de RGD en su sitio activo de uni&oacute;n a la cadena <b>&#946;</b> de integrinas. Algunas desintegrinas tienen un sitio obligatorio KGD, MLD, y VGD que contiene una conformaci&oacute;n en rizo, apropiada para los puentes disulfuro. Un ejemplo es la desintegrina ebarbourin que tiene un sitio KGD y es un antagonista espec&iacute;fico para <font FACE="Times New Roman"><b>&#945;</b></font><sub>IIb</sub><b>&#946;</b><sub>3</sub><sup>(8)</sup>.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Las desintegrinas se pueden dividir en tres categor&iacute;as seg&uacute;n su tama&ntilde;o (5 a 9kD). Las desintegrinas de cadena corta, contienen 47 a 51 amino&aacute;cidos y cuatro puentes disulfuro; las cadenas medianas contienen 68 a 75 amino&aacute;cidos y seis amino&aacute;cidos encadenados al puente disulfuro; y los largos contienen 83 a 84 amino&aacute;cidos y siete puentes disulfuro<sup>(13)</sup>. Las desintegrinas muestran homolog&iacute;a con otras desintegrinas en el arreglo de las ciste&iacute;nas. Las alineaciones de cisteinas en estos p&eacute;ptidos, son probablemente de una gran significaci&oacute;n en su uni&oacute;n a las integrinas, puesto que la actividad de las desintegrinas desaparece despu&eacute;s de la uni&oacute;n. As&iacute;, la secuencia RGD y los puentes disulfuro parecen ser cr&iacute;ticos para la alta afinidad de uni&oacute;n de las desintegrinas a los receptores.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Inicialmente se pens&oacute; que las desintegrinas eran inhibidoras de la agregaci&oacute;n plaquetaria, bloqueando las integrinas en la superficie de las plaquetas. Sin embargo, se sabe ahora que las desintegrinas se unen a las integrinas en la superficie de muchos tipos de c&eacute;lulas, incluyendo las c&eacute;lulas tumorales.</font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Los estudios in vivo han mostrado que las desintegrinas son eficaces y de utilidad en los des&oacute;rdenes cardio vasculares, sin efecto perjudicial sobre el paciente<sup>(14-16)</sup>.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; La capacidad de los venenos de serpiente de causar sangramiento ha conducido a los investigadores a descubrir las prote&iacute;nas que act&uacute;an rec&iacute;procamente con la cascada de la coagulaci&oacute;n. Teng y Huang, 1991<sup>(7)</sup> dividieron las actividades biol&oacute;gicas de los venenos de la serpiente en las que aceleran la hemostasis y las que inhiben el proceso de coagulaci&oacute;n. La aceleraci&oacute;n de la hemostasis incluye los inductores de la agregaci&oacute;n de la plaqueta, activadores del factor X, activadores de la protrombina y la trombina. Las prote&iacute;nas del veneno que inhiben la hemostasis incluyen las enzimas fibrinogenoliticas, el inhibidor que activa la protrombina, inhibidores que activan del factor X, y los inhibidores de la agregaci&oacute;n de la plaqueta.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Se han identificado las prote&iacute;nas del veneno de serpiente que modulan selectivamente la agregaci&oacute;n que promueve o que inhibe la funci&oacute;n de la plaqueta, de la plaqueta apuntando al GP Ib-IX-V, y GP VI. La glicoprote&iacute;na <font FACE="Times New Roman"><b>&#945;</b></font><sub>IIb</sub><b>&#946;</b><sub>3</sub> es una integrina capaz de servir de camino com&uacute;n final que conduce a la agregaci&oacute;n de la plaqueta; por lo tanto, el bloqueo de &eacute;sta integrina conduce a la inhibici&oacute;n de la agregaci&oacute;n plaquetaria sin importar el agente que lo estimula<sup>(17)</sup>. Muchas de las prote&iacute;nas del veneno de serpiente que afectan la funci&oacute;n de la plaqueta son isoformas o derivados que pertenecen a uno de las dos familias importantes de la prote&iacute;na, de la familia de la lectina del tipo-C y de los metaloprote&iacute;nas-desintegrinas<sup>(12)</sup>.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dennis, et al (1989)<sup>(6)</sup>, ha analizado varias desintegrinas del veneno serpentin (kistrin, bitan, tres isoformas de trigramin y una isoforma de echistatin) que inhiben la agregaci&oacute;n plaquetaria. La concentraci&oacute;n de inhibici&oacute;n 50 (IC<sub>50</sub>) fue determinada usando &eacute;stas desintegrinas del veneno de serpiente y el peptido GRGDS, miembro de los p&eacute;ptidos que contienen RGD que se une a la integrina <font FACE="Times New Roman"><b>&#945;</b></font><sub>IIb</sub><b>&#946;</b><sub>3</sub>, midiendo su capacidad de inhibir la agregaci&oacute;n de plaquetas humanas. El valor IC<sub>50</sub> en este estudio es la concentraci&oacute;n necesaria para inhibir la agregaci&oacute;n total de la plaqueta en plasma rico en plaquetas a 50% de la agregaci&oacute;n del control. Los valores IC<sub>50</sub> para el kistrin eran 2.7 nM, kistrin oxidado 2.4 nM, kistrin reducido &gt; 1500 nM, bitan 1.8 nM, trigramin 3.0 nM, la trigramin-a<sub>2</sub> 2.3 nM, 2.2 nM trigramin-y, echistain-a<sub>2</sub> 2.7 nM y GRGDS 205 nM. Los valores IC<sub>50</sub> para la inhibici&oacute;n de la agregaci&oacute;n plaquetaria que usaba plasma rico en plaquetas humanas, estimulado con el ADP, se extendieron a partir de 110 nM a 550 nM para estas mismas desintegrinas. Estas desintegrinas eran 1000 veces m&aacute;s potentes que el p&eacute;ptido de GRGDS (225,000 nM). Los p&eacute;ptidos sintetizados de RGDS han mostrado que para inhibir el fibrin&oacute;geno se une a los receptores asociados a la integrina a<sub>IIb</sub>b<sub>3</sub>.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Las concentraciones de estos p&eacute;ptidos necesitaron inhibir el rango de la agregaci&oacute;n de la plaqueta a partir de 10 a 200 µM. Las desintegrinas del veneno son cerca de 500-2.000 veces m&aacute;s potentes en el bloqueo de la interacci&oacute;n plaqueta-fibrin&oacute;geno y de la agregaci&oacute;n fibrin&oacute;geno-dependiente de la plaqueta que los p&eacute;ptidos sintetizados<sup>(18)</sup>.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="text-transform: uppercase">Desintegrinas y C&aacute;ncer</span></font></P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; C&aacute;ncer es la segunda causa de muerte en Venezuela. En Estados Unidos, este a&ntilde;o cerca de 552.200 americanos son diagnosticados de c&aacute;ncer, m&aacute;s de 1.500 personas al d&iacute;a. Casi cinco millones de vidas se han perdido por c&aacute;ncer desde 1990<sup>(19)</sup>.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Las desintegrinas se est&aacute;n utilizando como antagonista de las integrinas en el estudio de la biolog&iacute;a y angiogenesis del tumor maligno<sup>(20-22)</sup>. Cuatro desintegrinas, eristostatina, albolabrina, barbourina y echistatina del veneno de serpiente inhibieron la formaci&oacute;n de metastasis experimentales del pulm&oacute;n, cuando se inyectaban intravenosamente en ratones C57BL/6, conjuntamente con las c&eacute;lulas murinas del melanoma B16F10<sup>(20)</sup>. La eristostatina era el inhibidor m&aacute;s potente de la colonizaci&oacute;n del pulm&oacute;n (la dosis de desintegrina que causa el 50% de inhibici&oacute;n de los metastasis (ID<sub>50</sub>) = 0.05 µM), seguida por la barbourina (0.09 µM), la albolabrina (1.0 µM) y la echistatina (3.7 µM).</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cuando eran inyectadas 1 hora despu&eacute;s de las c&eacute;lulas tumorales, albolabrina, echistatina y barbourina ten&iacute;an la misma actividad antimetast&aacute;sica, mientras que, la eristostatina no era eficaz. La eristostatina era eficaz solamente cuando se inyectaba junto con las c&eacute;lulas del melanoma. La eristostatina (IC<sub>50</sub> = 7-8 nM) era m&aacute;s eficaz que la echistatina (74-75 nM), la barbourina (46-60 nM) y la albolabrina (130-165 nM) como inhibidor de la agregaci&oacute;n plaquetaria murina o del tumor, inducida por ADP. El antisuero policlonal contra integrinas del h&aacute;mster incluyendo la subunidad a1 (anti-GP140) inhibi&oacute; totalmente la adherencia de la c&eacute;lula a la echistatina y caus&oacute; la inhibici&oacute;n del 70% de la adherencia a la albolabrina.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Una desintegrina homodimerica, contortrostatina, inhibe la agregaci&oacute;n de la plaqueta y la adherencia de la c&eacute;lula a las prote&iacute;nas extracelulares de la matriz bloqueando integrinas. Ritter &amp; Markland (2000)<sup>(21)</sup>, identifican a la contortrostatina como un reactivo &uacute;til para el estudio de la funci&oacute;n de la integrina a<sub>v</sub>b<sub>3</sub>, e identifica un mecanismo mediado por integrina que inhibe el movimiento de la c&eacute;lula tumoral. La contortrostatina inhibi&oacute; el movimiento de la c&eacute;lula tumoral m&aacute;s potentemente que la desintegrina monomerica flavoridina, la cual fue agregada en concentraci&oacute;n doble, para igualar el n&uacute;mero de sitios de RGD de integrinas presentes. Este estudio sugiri&oacute; que actividad adicional que posee la contortrostatina no estaba presente en desintegrinas monovalentes. Zhou et al., 2000<sup>(24)</sup> demostraron que la contortrostatina se une a las integrinas y bloquea la adherencia de las c&eacute;lulas humanas del c&aacute;ncer de mama (MDA-MB-425), a las prote&iacute;nas extracelulares de la matriz (ECM), incluyendo fibronectina, y vitronectina, pero no ten&iacute;an ning&uacute;n efecto en la adherencia de las c&eacute;lulas a la laminina y al Matrigel. La contortrostatina tambi&eacute;n previno la invasi&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas MDA-MB-435 a trav&eacute;s de la membrana artificial del Matrigel. En este estudio, las inyecciones locales diarias de la contortrostatina (5 µg/rat&oacute;n/d&iacute;a) inhibieron 74% del crecimiento del tumor MDA-MB-435 en un modelo de rat&oacute;n desnudo. Esta desintegrina redujo el 68% del n&uacute;mero de metastasis pulmonares del c&aacute;ncer de mama, y del 62.4% de las micro-metastasis. La contortrostatina no fue citot&oacute;xica para las c&eacute;lulas de c&aacute;ncer, y no inhibi&oacute; la proliferaci&oacute;n de la c&eacute;lula del c&aacute;ncer de mama in vitro. La contortrostatina inhibi&oacute; la angiogenesis inducida por el c&aacute;ncer de mama. Otra desintegrina (salmosina), aislada del veneno de la serpiente coreana (Agkistrodon hayls brevicaudus) inhibi&oacute; el crecimiento s&oacute;lido de tumores en ratones<sup>(25)</sup>.</font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; La actividad antimetastatica de la salmosina result&oacute; del bloqueo de la adherencia mediada por integrina y la <font FACE="Times New Roman"><b>&#945;</b></font><sub>v</sub><b>&#946;</b><sub>3</sub>  integrina medi&oacute; la proliferaci&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas de melanoma. Una salmosina recombinante expresada en E. coli que conten&iacute;a la secuencia RGD inhibi&oacute; la adherencia de la c&eacute;lula del melanoma a las prote&iacute;nas extracelulares de la matriz, as&iacute; como la invasi&oacute;n de la c&eacute;lula del melanoma B16F10 a trav&eacute;s del filtro revestido de Matrigel.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="text-transform: uppercase">Desintegrinas en la diabetes</span></font></P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Una desintegrina heterodimerica (EC3) aislada de Echis carinatus suchoreki suprimi&oacute; el desarrollo de la insulinitis y del sialoadenitis<sup>(26)</sup>. Los ratones diab&eacute;ticos sin obesidad, desarrollan espont&aacute;neamente la infiltraci&oacute;n linf&aacute;tica relativa de los islotes de Langerhans y de las gl&aacute;ndulas salivales, que se asemeja a la alteraci&oacute;n patol&oacute;gica en p&aacute;ncreas humano, en el curso de diabetes tipo 1 y en gl&aacute;ndulas salivales durante el desarrollo del s&iacute;ndrome de Sjogren. Los T-linfocitos de estos animales parecen prevalentamente estar implicados en la infiltraci&oacute;n. Los T-linfocitos espl&eacute;nicos pueden transferir la diabetes en ratones sin diabetes<sup>(27)</sup>. Brando et al. (2000)<sup>(26)</sup> mostraron que EC3 compite con los anticuerpos monoclonales que reconocen las integrinas <font FACE="Times New Roman"><b>&#945;</b></font><sub>4</sub> y <b>&#946;</b><sub>7</sub>. EC3 tambi&eacute;n bloquea la agregaci&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas de Jurkat y de los linfocitos espl&eacute;nicos murinos al VCAM-1.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><span style="text-transform: uppercase">Desintegrinas en p&eacute;rdida del hueso</span></font></P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; El receptor de vitronectina, integrina <font FACE="Times New Roman"><b>&#945;</b></font><sub>v</sub><b>&#946;</b><sub>3</sub>, se expresa altamente en los osteoclastos, las c&eacute;lulas que reabsorben el hueso<sup>(28)</sup>. Estos receptores en la superficie de la c&eacute;lula del osteoclasto, desempe&ntilde;an un papel importante en la conexi&oacute;n de los osteoclastos a la superficie de la resorci&oacute;n. Los osteoclastos son c&eacute;lulas multinucleadas de 400 µm de di&aacute;metro, de origen hemopoyetico, que absorben el hueso, uni&eacute;ndose a la superficie del hueso, v&iacute;a una estructura altamente especializada y polarizada. Las enzimas proteoliticas, los &aacute;cidos org&aacute;nicos y los protones, se secretan en un compartimiento sellado, formado entre la membrana de la c&eacute;lula y la matriz del hueso y el osteoclasto activado, donde se forma una laguna, un hueco, en la superficie del hueso<sup>(29,30)</sup>. La integrina <font FACE="Times New Roman"><b>&#945;</b></font><sub>v</sub><b>&#946;</b><sub>3</sub> une muchas prote&iacute;nas que contienen RGD incluyendo osteopontina, que es un ligando encontrado en hueso. La deficiencia del estr&oacute;geno causa la p&eacute;rdida del hueso debido a una resorci&oacute;n osteoclastica creciente del hueso en los seres humanos y los animales de experimentaci&oacute;n<sup>(31-33)</sup>. Las desintegrinas del veneno tales como echistatina, kistrina y contortrostatina evidenciaron, que inhibian la resorci&oacute;n del hueso in vitro e in vivo.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; La echistatina (una desintegrina derivada del veneno de E. carinatus) causa la contracci&oacute;n del osteoclasto, as&iacute; como la inhibici&oacute;n de la formaci&oacute;n del hueco en preparaciones de hueso<sup>(34)</sup>. La echistatina sintetizada (s-echistatina), inhibi&oacute; la excavaci&oacute;n de las preparaciones de hueso por los osteoclastos de la rata. Otros tetrapeptidos (RGDS) inhibieron la resorci&oacute;n por los osteoclastos de la rata o del pollo con un IC<sub>50</sub> de 0.1mM y una echistatina modificada (ala<sup>24</sup>-echistatina) no fue eficaz. Fisher et al. (1993)<sup>(35)</sup>, fueron los primeros en demostrar in vivo que la echistatina inhibia la resorci&oacute;n del hueso en ratas tiroides-paratiroidectomizadas (TPTX). En este experimento, los efectos de las hormonas calciotropica end&oacute;gena, la hormona paratiroides y la calcitonina, fueron eliminadas por la extracci&oacute;n quir&uacute;rgica de las gl&aacute;ndulas tiroides y paratiroides.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Veinte horas despu&eacute;s de TPTX y de ayunar, los niveles del calcio del suero cayeron a 50-70% de los niveles b&aacute;sicos, durante los cuales se inyectaron ratas anestesiadas con bPTH o la combinaci&oacute;n de bPTH y de la s-echistatina. La infusi&oacute;n de bPTH dio lugar a un aumento en calcio del suero a los niveles de pre-TPTX dentro de 4-6 horas la s-echistatina y la combinaci&oacute;n de bPTH bloquearon totalmente el ascenso del calcio s&eacute;rico, inducida por la hormona. La inhibici&oacute;n de la s-echistatina del aumento del calcio s&eacute;rico hueso-dependiente dependi&oacute; de la dosis, donde 20 µg/kg/min inhibieron perceptiblemente el ascenso del calcio s&eacute;rico, 6 µg/kg/min ten&iacute;a un efecto inhibitorio intermedio y 2 µg/kg/min eran ineficaces.</font></P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICAS</font></P>  </B>    <!-- ref --><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1. Niewiarowski S, McLane MA, Kloczewiak M, Stewart GJ. Disintegrins and other naturally occuring antagonists of platelet fibrinogen receptors. 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