<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0798-0469</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de la Facultad de Medicina]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[RFM]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0798-0469</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de Medicina. Comisión de Publicaciones de la Facultad de Medicina]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0798-04692004000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Mioblastoma de mama]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saade]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bianchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Servicio de Cirugia II. H.U.C. Profesor Titular ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Servicio de Cirugia II. H.U.C. Postgrado de Cirugia General Cirujano General]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Servicio de Cirugia II. H.U.C. Postgrado de Cirugia General Cirujano General]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,U.C.V. Instituto Anatomia Patologica Profesor Agregado]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>116</fpage>
<lpage>118</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0798-04692004000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0798-04692004000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0798-04692004000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se presenta una paciente portadora de un mioblastoma (tumor de células granulares) de la mama, tumor poco frecuente y de importante diagnóstico diferencial con el cáncer de mama, debido a su gran semejanza clínica e imagenológica. Se trata de una paciente de 66 años de edad con nódulo de 3 centímetros de diámetro en mama derecha, de 6 meses de evolución, de consistencia pétrea, bien definido, no doloroso y con cambios en la piel subyacente, con estudio mamográfico: BI-rads 4. Se realiza biopsia incisional que reporto: Mioblastoma (Tumor de células granulares). En conclusión el mioblastoma representa un reto diagnóstico para el cirujano general debido a su semejanza con patología neoplásica, se debe tener en cuenta al momento de la evaluación de pacientes con nódulos mamarios, en cuyo caso es de suma importancia el estudio anatomopatológico.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[It is presented a case of a myoblastoma (granular cell tumor) of the breast, a less frequent and important benign breast disease because it is mammographic and clinical similarities with breast cancer. A sixty year old, hispanic female, with six month history of a 3 cm palpable mass, rock-like consistence, regular, painless with skin changes, located at the upper outer quadrant of her right breast. Mammographic study Bi-rads 4 and excisional biopsy report of granular cell tumor. The myoblastoma becomes a challenging diagnosis for the general surgeon thus its similarities with the neoplasic diseases of the breast, the surgeon must remember it when evaluating a palpable mass of the breast.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Mioblastoma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Tumor de células granulares]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Cáncer de mama]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Myoblastoma]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Granular cell tumor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Breast cancer]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <P ALIGN="center"><b><font size="4">Mioblastoma de mama</font></b></P>     <P ALIGN="center"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><b>M Saade<sup>1</sup>, A Sanchez<sup>2</sup>, R  Saade3 y G Bianchi<sup>4</sup>.</b></font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><sup>1</sup> Profesor Titular. Servicio de Cirug&iacute;a II. H.U.C.-&nbsp;</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><sup> 2</sup> Cirujano General. Postgrado de Cirug&iacute;a General. Servicio de Cirug&iacute;a II. H.U.C.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><sup>3 </sup> Cirujano General. Postgrado de Cirug&iacute;a General. Servicio de Cirug&iacute;a III. H.U.C.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><sup>4</sup> Profesor Agregado. Instituto Anatom&iacute;a Patol&oacute;gica. U.C.V.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RESUMEN:</b> Se presenta una paciente portadora de un mioblastoma (tumor de c&eacute;lulas granulares) de la mama, tumor poco frecuente y de importante diagn&oacute;stico diferencial con el c&aacute;ncer de mama, debido a su gran semejanza cl&iacute;nica e imagenol&oacute;gica. Se trata de una paciente de 66 a&ntilde;os de edad con n&oacute;dulo de 3 cent&iacute;metros de di&aacute;metro en mama derecha, de 6 meses de evoluci&oacute;n, de consistencia p&eacute;trea, bien definido, no doloroso y con cambios en la piel subyacente, con estudio mamogr&aacute;fico: BI-rads 4. Se realiza biopsia incisional que reporto: Mioblastoma (Tumor de c&eacute;lulas granulares). En conclusi&oacute;n el mioblastoma representa un reto diagn&oacute;stico para el cirujano general debido a su semejanza con patolog&iacute;a neopl&aacute;sica, se debe tener en cuenta al momento de la evaluaci&oacute;n de pacientes con n&oacute;dulos mamarios, en cuyo caso es de suma importancia el estudio anatomopatol&oacute;gico.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Palabras Clave: Mioblastoma, Tumor de c&eacute;lulas granulares, C&aacute;ncer de mama.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <b>ABSTRACT:</b> It is presented a case of a myoblastoma (granular cell tumor) of the breast, a less frequent and important benign breast disease because it is mammographic and clinical similarities with breast cancer.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A sixty year old, hispanic female, with six month history of a 3 cm palpable mass, rock-like consistence, regular, painless with skin changes, located at the upper outer quadrant of her right breast. Mammographic study Bi-rads 4 and excisional biopsy report of granular cell tumor. The myoblastoma becomes a challenging diagnosis for the general surgeon thus its similarities with the neoplasic diseases of the breast, the surgeon must remember it when evaluating a palpable mass of the breast.</font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Key Words: Myoblastoma, Granular cell tumor, Breast cancer.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Fecha de Recepci&oacute;n: 01/06/2004 Fecha de Aprobaci&oacute;n: 11/10/2004</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><b>INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N</b></font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; El tumor de c&eacute;lulas granulares fue descrito por primera vez en el a&ntilde;o 1926 por Abrikosoff, quien lo denomin&oacute; mioblastoma. La localizaci&oacute;n de este tumor es muy variable, siendo los sitios mas frecuentes: piel (38,5%), es&oacute;fago (19%), lengua (10%)<sup>(1)</sup>, generalmente se presenta como una masa &uacute;nica, solitaria, de consistencia p&eacute;trea, sin otras alteraciones, entre los 40 y 60 a&ntilde;os de edad, con una incidencia mayor en el sexo femenino<sup>(2)</sup>. La localizaci&oacute;n de este tipo de tumor en la mama presenta un serio problema diagn&oacute;stico debido a su semejanza cl&iacute;nica y radiol&oacute;gica con el carcinoma de mama. La punci&oacute;n aspiraci&oacute;n con aguja fina (PAAF), no siempre esclarece el diagn&oacute;stico<sup>(3)</sup>, por lo que se hace necesario realizar una biopsia incisional o excisional para diagn&oacute;stico anatomopatol&oacute;gico certero. El tratamiento definitivo de esta patolog&iacute;a consiste en la ex&eacute;resis de la tumoraci&oacute;n, con buenos resultados debido al bajo potencial de malignidad<sup>(4)</sup>.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><b>CASO CL&Iacute;NICO</b></font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Paciente femenino de 66 a&ntilde;os de edad natural y procedente de Barlovento, consult&oacute; por presentar masa nodular en mama derecha de 6 meses de evoluci&oacute;n, la cual ha crecido progresivamente, presentando adem&aacute;s desde hace 2 meses cambios de coloraci&oacute;n en la piel suprayacente a la lesi&oacute;n, sin otros concomitantes.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Al examen f&iacute;sico la paciente se encuentra en buenas condiciones generales, examen cardiopulmonar normal, se evidencia un n&oacute;dulo de aproximadamente 3 cent&iacute;metros de di&aacute;metro por fuera del borde externo de la mama derecha, de bordes bien definidos, consistencia p&eacute;trea, no doloroso a la palpaci&oacute;n, con hiperpigmentaci&oacute;n de la piel suprayacente, la cual impresiona infiltrada por tumor, (<b><a href="#fig1">Figura 1</a></b>).<a name="fig1"></a></font></P>     <P ALIGN="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><b>Figura 1</b></font></P>     <P ALIGN="center" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><b>Presentaci&oacute;n Cl&iacute;nica de la Paciente</b></font></P> <FONT FACE="Times" SIZE=2></FONT>     <P ALIGN="center"><img border="0" src="/img/fbpe/rfm/v27n2/art06fig1.jpg" width="455" height="300"></P>     
]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <font face="Times New Roman" size="3">En vista de la anterior descripci&oacute;n se hace el diagn&oacute;stico cl&iacute;nico de carcinoma de mama estadio IIIB (T4 N0 Mx), por lo cual se realizan los siguientes estudios: Mamograf&iacute;a, la cual reporta lesi&oacute;n Bi-rads 4. PAAF: donde se evidencian atipias celulares, sin diagn&oacute;stico histopatol&oacute;gico preciso. Se decide realizar estudios de extensi&oacute;n, radiograf&iacute;a de t&oacute;rax, perfil hepatobiliar, ecosonograma abdominal y gammagraf&iacute;a &oacute;sea, sin evidenciarse enfermedad a distancia.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Para diagn&oacute;stico definitivo e inicio de quimioterapia neoadyuvante se realiza biopsia incisional, que reporta: Mioblastoma (Tumor de C&eacute;lulas Granulares), sin evidencia de Carcinoma de Mama.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Como tratamiento definitivo de mioblastoma de c&eacute;lulas granulares de la mama sin potencial maligno, se realiza ex&eacute;resis de la lesi&oacute;n con bordes libres, sin complicaciones.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><b>DISCUSI&Oacute;N</b></font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; El mioblastoma puede presentarse en la mama semejando un adenocarcinoma. El origen de estos tumores es controversial, se han implicado a muchos grupos celulares en su histog&eacute;nesis, incluyendo c&eacute;lulas musculares, histiocitos, fibroblastos, c&eacute;lulas neurales y c&eacute;lulas mesenquimaticas indiferenciadas<sup>(5)</sup>. La apariencia granular de las c&eacute;lulas se debe a la presencia de granulos secretores, mitocondrias o lisosomas en el citoplasma<sup>(6)</sup>. No hay consenso sobre la naturaleza del tumor, se ha planteado la posibilidad de que se origine en cambios celulares reactivos que adquieren subsecuentemente potencial maligno<sup>(7)</sup>.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Su semejanza cl&iacute;nica con el carcinoma de mama es importante, y los estudios imagenol&oacute;gicos muestran tambi&eacute;n hallazgos similares<sup>(8,9)</sup>. La mamograf&iacute;a evidencia un tumor de bordes espiculados y en el ecosonograma se puede ver como una masa de bordes irregulares, hipoecoica<sup>(10)</sup>.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; La PAAF representa un reto para el pat&oacute;logo, pueden observarse c&eacute;lulas redondeadas o poligonales con n&uacute;cleos exc&eacute;ntricos ovalados y citoplasma granular abundante<sup>(11)</sup>, ocasionalmente se identifican c&eacute;lulas con pleomorfismo no asociado a un aumento de la actividad mitotica<sup>(12)</sup>. El diagn&oacute;stico preoperatorio con biopsia por corte congelado puede ser particularmente dif&iacute;cil, con un riesgo no despreciable de sobrediagn&oacute;stico de carcinoma<sup>(3)</sup>, por lo tanto para diagn&oacute;stico certero se hace necesario realizar biopsia incisional o excisional de la lesi&oacute;n, donde se evidencia un tumor amarillo o gris&aacute;ceo al corte, con hallazgos microsc&oacute;picos de c&eacute;lulas redondeadas o poligonales con un n&uacute;cleo vesicular peque&ntilde;o y citoplasma granular eosinof&iacute;lico, estas c&eacute;lulas tienden a disponerse en cintas o nidos separados por un tejidoconectivo fibroso con reacci&oacute;n desmoplasmica que depende del tiempo de evoluci&oacute;n del tumor<sup>(13)</sup>. El estudio inmunohistoqu&iacute;mico revela la presencia de vimentina, prote&iacute;nas S 100, enolasa neuroespec&iacute;fica en cerca del 98% de los tumores<sup>(14,15)</sup>.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Afortunadamente solo el 2,5% de los tumores de c&eacute;lulas granulares de la mama se comportan como tumores malignos, los cuales presentan cierta recurrencia e incluso metast&aacute;sica a distancia<sup>(16)</sup>. Actualmente se acepta que un tama&ntilde;o mayor de cinco cent&iacute;metros o la invasi&oacute;n local deben hacer sospechar malignidad<sup>(17)</sup>. Existen tambi&eacute;n criterios histopatol&oacute;gicos, como son: presencia de necrosis, c&eacute;lulas espiculadas, n&uacute;cleos vesiculares con nucleolos largos, actividad mit&oacute;tica aumentada (&lt;2mitosis/10 campos 200x), relaci&oacute;n n&uacute;cleo: citoplasma aumentada y pleomorfismo celular; la presencia de tres o mas de estos criterios sugieren malignidad<sup>(14)</sup>.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; El tratamiento de elecci&oacute;n del mioblastoma de la mama sin evidencia de malignidad consiste en la ex&eacute;resis de la tumoraci&oacute;n con m&aacute;rgenes libres<sup>(4)</sup> y seguimiento de la paciente en vista de la posibilidad de recurrencia o incluso de adenocarcinoma concurrente en la misma mama.</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><b>REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICAS</b></font></P>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">1. Lebranchu B. Granular Cell tumor. Epidemiology of 263 cases. Arch Anat Cytol Pathol 1999; 47(1): 26-30.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1938204&pid=S0798-0469200400020000600001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">2. Ord&oacute;&ntilde;ez N, Mackay B. Granular cell tumor: a review of the pathology and histogenesis. 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