<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1315-0006</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Espacio Abierto. Cuaderno Venezolano de Sociología]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[ESPACIO ABIERTO]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1315-0006</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad del Zulia]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1315-00062025000400077</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5281/zenodo.16950320</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Nem tudo que reluz é ouro: a história do garimpo na Amazônia brasileira]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Not everything that shines is gold: the history of mining in the brazilian Amazon]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernardes Almeida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Italo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gomes Lopes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Maria T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Souza Tomaz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jennifer]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bezerra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Caroline de Souza]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal do Amazonas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Manaus ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal do Amazonas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Manaus ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal do Amazonas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Manaus ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal do Amazonas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Manaus ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>34</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>77</fpage>
<lpage>95</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1315-00062025000400077&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1315-00062025000400077&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1315-00062025000400077&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo A atividade mineradora na Amazônia não se desenvolveu por acaso ou em decorrência da descoberta de valiosas jazidas minerais. Ela foi consequência de fenômenos globais como a Segunda Guerra Mundial e a crise do petróleo, além de escolhas políticas nacionais, como a ocupação da Amazônia durante o governo Vargas e o governo militar. Por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica abordando questões relacionadas à história da região Norte e da mineração em diferentes áreas da Amazônia, esta pesquisa objetivou compreender como a atividade mineradora chegou e se desenvolveu na Amazônia brasileira, destacando o contexto político e social que determinou o desenvolvimento dessa atividade nos estados do Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia e Roraima. Os resultados indicaram que, após a descoberta e popularização do ouro amazônico, uma grande e duradoura migração de pessoas motivada por crises econômicas e incentivos governamentais tornou a mineração um novo nicho produtivo. A mineração desenvolveu tecnologias próprias que permitiram a expansão das áreas de mineração e a produtividade da atividade, que antes era contestada pelo governo e uma das principais fontes de receita oficial em alguns dos estados analisados. O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, como jatos d'água e dragas de mineração, também foi identificado como marcos tanto para a expansão das áreas de mineração quanto para as mudanças nas estruturas sociais.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Mining activity in the Amazon did not develop by chance or by the chance encounter of valuable mineral deposits. On the contrary, it resulted from global phenomena such as the second great war and the oil crisis and national political choices such as the occupation of the Amazon in the Vargas government and the military government. Through a literature review that deals with issues related to the history of the northern region and mining in different areas of the Amazon, this research aimed to understand how the mining activity arrived and developed in the Brazilian Amazon pointing out the economic, political and social context that were determinants for the development of this activity in the states of Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia and Roraima. The results indicated that after the discovery and popularization of Amazonian gold a large and lasting migration of people motivated by economic crises and government incentives made mining a new productive niche developing its own technologies that allowed to expand the exploitation areas and the productivity of the making this activity, which the government previously opposed, one of the main sources of official income in some of the states analyzed. It was also identified that the development of new technologies such as water jets and mining dredges are milestones for both the expansion of mining areas and changes in social structures.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Mineração]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[História]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Política Nacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Migração]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Tecnologia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Desenvolvimento Econômico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mining]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[History]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[National Policy, Migration, Technology, Economic Development]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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