<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2665-0398</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Aula Virtual]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Aula Virtual]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2665-0398</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación Aula Virtual]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2665-03982025000102002</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5281/zenodo.14871537</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[LA PARADOJA DEL MALTRATO ANIMAL COMO DELITO PATRIMONIAL: SUJETO ACTIVO Y PASIVO UNIFICADOS]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[THE PARADOX OF ANIMAL ABUSE AS A PATRIMONIAL CRIME: UNIFIED ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SUBJECT]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ochoa Navarro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandra Isabel Fernanda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad César Vallejo  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lima ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>13</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2665-03982025000102002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2665-03982025000102002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2665-03982025000102002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El estudio tuvo como propósito analizar los obstáculos legales que impiden la persecución penal efectiva de los casos de maltrato animal cuando el agresor es el propietario del animal, para determinar si la coexistencia de los conceptos de propiedad y bienestar animal genera tensiones jurídicas que obstaculizan la protección efectiva de los animales y si es necesaria una reforma legislativa que reconozca al maltrato animal como un delito autónomo, desvinculado del concepto de propiedad. Lo que condujo a realizar una amplia revisión de literatura, utilizando un protocolo de búsqueda de diferentes términos combinados en español e inglés, dentro de las bases de datos Science Direct, Scielo y Redalyc, aplicando criterios de selección y de exclusión, teniendo como limitación temporal de la búsqueda en el periodo 2020-2024 para dar cumplimiento del método acogido de revisión bibliográfica, que llevó a obtener 25 artículos seleccionados para ser analizados. Dentro de los resultados se logró identificar que Argentina fue el país donde se localizaron más publicaciones, representadas por un 20% del total. Se concluyó que la coexistencia de ambos conceptos en el marco legal actual genera tensiones significativas que obstaculizan la persecución penal efectiva especialmente cuando el agresor es el propietario del animal.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract The purpose of the study was to analyze the legal obstacles that prevent effective criminal prosecution of cases of animal abuse when the aggressor is the owner of the animal, to determine if the coexistence of the concepts of property and animal welfare generates legal tensions that hinder protection. effective treatment of animals and whether a legislative reform is necessary that recognizes animal abuse as an autonomous crime, detached from the concept of property. Which led to carrying out an extensive literature review, using a search protocol of different terms combined in Spanish and English, within the ScienceDirect, Scielo and Redalyc databases, applying selection and exclusion criteria, having as a time limitation of the search in the period 2020-2024 to comply with the adopted bibliographic review method, which led to obtaining 25 articles selected to be analyzed. Among the results, it was possible to identify that Argentina was the country where the most publications were located, represented by 20% of the total. It was concluded that the coexistence of both concepts in the current legal framework generates significant tensions that hinder effective criminal prosecution, especially when the aggressor is the owner of the animal.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Delito de maltrato animal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bienestar animal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sujetos del delito]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[propiedad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Crime of animal abuse]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[animal welfare]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[subjects of the crime]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[property]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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