<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2665-0398</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Aula Virtual]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Aula Virtual]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2665-0398</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación Aula Virtual]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2665-03982026000102032</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5281/zenodo.19411470</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[BARRERAS TÉCNICO-LEGALES PARA LA ARMONIZACIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE LOS PROTOCOLOS DE AUTENTICACIÓN EN CONTRATOS INTELIGENTES: UNA REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[TECHNICAL AND LEGAL BARRIERS TO THE INTERNATIONAL HARMONIZATION OF AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOLS IN SMART CONTRACTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tantalean Chavez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yuri]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Apaza Mendoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jackeline Petronila]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Tecnológica del Perú  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Peru</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<numero>14</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2665-03982026000102032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2665-03982026000102032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2665-03982026000102032&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La tecnología blockchain ha impulsado el desarrollo de contratos inteligentes como instrumentos capaces de automatizar la ejecución de obligaciones contractuales en entornos digitales, especialmente en operaciones transfronterizas. No obstante, la ausencia de marcos técnicos y jurídicos armonizados para la autenticación de la voluntad contractual ha generado incertidumbre en torno a su validez y reconocimiento internacional, lo que afecta la seguridad jurídica y limita su adopción global. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente artículo fue identificar las barreras técnico-legales que impiden la armonización internacional de los protocolos de autenticación para contratos inteligentes, analizando de manera integrada los obstáculos tecnológicos, regulatorios e institucionales descritos en la literatura científica. Para ello, se desarrolló un artículo de revisión sistemática, siguiendo las directrices del protocolo PRISMA, mediante una búsqueda estructurada en la base de datos Scopus y la selección de estudios arbitrados publicados entre 2021 y 2026, en inglés y español. Los resultados evidenciaron que las principales barreras se concentran en la falta de interoperabilidad y estandarización técnica, la fragmentación normativa entre jurisdicciones y los déficits de gobernanza y coordinación regulatoria a nivel internacional. En conclusión, el estudio demostró que la armonización internacional de los protocolos de autenticación en contratos inteligentes requiere enfoques integrales que articulen innovación tecnológica, reconocimiento jurídico uniforme y mecanismos de gobernanza multinivel, constituyendo un desafío central para el desarrollo seguro y eficaz del comercio digital automatizado.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Blockchain technology has driven the development of smart contracts as instruments capable of automating the execution of contractual obligations in digital environments, especially in cross-border transactions. However, the lack of harmonized technical and legal frameworks for authenticating contractual intent has generated uncertainty surrounding their validity and international recognition, affecting legal certainty and limiting their global adoption. In this context, the objective of this article was to identify the technical and legal barriers that impede the international harmonization of authentication protocols for smart contracts, analyzing in an integrated manner the technological, regulatory, and institutional obstacles described in the scientific literature. To this end, a systematic review article was developed, following the PRISMA protocol guidelines, through a structured search in the Scopus database and the selection of peer-reviewed studies published between 2021 and 2026, in English and Spanish. The results showed that the main barriers are concentrated in the lack of interoperability and technical standardization, regulatory fragmentation between jurisdictions, and deficits in governance and regulatory coordination at the international level. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that the international harmonization of authentication protocols in smart contracts requires comprehensive approaches that integrate technological innovation, uniform legal recognition, and multi-level governance mechanisms, constituting a central challenge for the secure and effective development of automated digital commerce.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Contratos inteligentes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[autenticación contractual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[armonización internacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[barreras técnico-legales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gobernanza regulatoria]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Smart contracts]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[contractual authentication]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[international harmonization]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[technical-legal barriers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[regulatory governance]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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