<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>2737-6419</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista Athenea]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Athenea]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>2737-6419</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[AutanaBooks, con el apoyo institucional de la Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica "Antonio José de Sucre", Vicerrectorado Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S2737-64192025000200019</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47460/athenea.v6i20.93</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Advances in zinc oxide nanobiosensors for medical diagnostics: morphologies, mechanisms and applications]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Avances en nanobiosensores de o´xido de zinc para diagn´ostico m´edico: morfolog´&#305;as, mecanismos y aplicaciones]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pescador Nieves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis A]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz Estrada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bryan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Juan ]]></addr-line>
<country>Puerto Rico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Juan ]]></addr-line>
<country>Puerto Rico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>20</numero>
<fpage>19</fpage>
<lpage>28</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2737-64192025000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S2737-64192025000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S2737-64192025000200019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures present remarkable morphological, chemical and electrical properties, including a large surface area, semiconductor behavior and a high isoelectric point, position- ing them as ideal for biosensing applications. This review outlines the recent advances (2022-2024) in ZnO-based nanobiosensors for medical applications, based on a selection of peer-reviewed, open-access experimental studies extracted from databases including IEE Xplore, Scopus and ScienceDirect. A va- riety of ZnO morphologies, including nanoflowers, nanorods, nanosheets and nanoparticles have made possible the development of piezoelectric, electrochemical, optical and field-effect transistor biosensors. Experimental data reveal that ZnO-based nanotechnologies achieve rapid detection of lactate, cancer biomarkers, glucose and infectious disease antigens, demonstrating lower detection limits and enhanced sensitivity. Emerging strategies, such as noble metal decoration and integration into wearable platforms or microfluids, have improved efficiency and clinical applicability. ZnO-based nanostructures therefore serve as a promising basis for the next generation of continuous monitoring and point-of-care systems.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Las nanoestructuras de ´oxido de zinc (ZnO) presentan buenas propiedades morfolo´gicas, qu´&#305;micas y el´ectricas, como gran ´area superficial, comportamiento semiconductor y alto punto isoel´ectrico, lo que las hace ideales para biosensores. Esta revisio´n aborda avances recientes (2022-2024) en nanobiosensores de ZnO para diagn´ostico m´edico, bas´andose en estudios experimentales peer-review y open-access de IEEE Xplore, Scopus y ScienceDirect. Diversas morfolog´&#305;as de ZnO como nanoflo- res, nanovarillas, nanol´aminas y nanopart´&#305;culas han permitido desarrollar biosensores piezoel´ectricos, electroqu´&#305;micos, ´opticos y de efecto de campo. Los resultados muestran deteccio´n r´apida de lactato, biomarcadores oncolo´gicos, glucosa y ant´&#305;genos pato´genos, con l´&#305;mites de deteccio´n menores y sensibili- dad mejorada. Estrategias emergentes, como decoracio´n con metales nobles e integracio´n en dispositivos port´atiles o microfluidos, aumentan la eficiencia y viabilidad cl´&#305;nica. En conjunto, las nanoestructuras de ZnO se perfilan como plataforma prometedora para la siguiente generacio´n de sistemas de monitoreo continuo y diagn´ostico en el punto de atencio´n.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[zinc oxide]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nanobiosensor]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[medical diagnostic]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[´oxido de zinc]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nanobiosensores]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[diagn´ostico médico]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bhattarai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hameed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Basics of biosensors and nanobiosensors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Wiley Online Library]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>1-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Napi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. L. M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sultan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ismail]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[How]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Electrochemical-based biosensors on different zinc oxide nanostructures: A re- view]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Materials]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>18</numero>
<issue>18</issue>
<page-range>2985</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Theerthagiri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A review on zno nanostructured materials: Energy, environ- mental and biological applications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nanotechnology]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<numero>39</numero>
<issue>39</issue>
<page-range>392001</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maafa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Potential of zinc oxide nanostructures in biosensor application]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biosensors]]></source>
<year>2025</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lei]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Zno-based amperometric enzyme biosensors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sensors]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>1216-31</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krishna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A review on 2d-zno nanostructure based biosensors: From materials to devices]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Materials Advances]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>320-54</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Nanorod arrays composed of zinc oxide modified with gold nanopar- ticles and glucose oxidase for enzymatic sensing of glucose]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Microchimica Acta]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>182</volume>
<numero>3-4</numero>
<issue>3-4</issue>
<page-range>605-10</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[D. c´]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leung]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y. H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Optical properties of zno nanostructures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Small]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>8-9</numero>
<issue>8-9</issue>
<page-range>944-61</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yuan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xue]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[X]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A self-powered lactate sensor based on the piezoelectric effect for assessing tumor development]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sensors]]></source>
<year>2024</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>7</numero>
<issue>7</issue>
<page-range>2161</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y.-H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sivakumar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balraj]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murugesan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nagarajan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.-S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ag-decorated vertically aligned zno nanorods for non-enzymatic glucose sensor applications]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nanomaterials]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>754</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhou]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z. L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Dissolving behavior and stability of zno wires in biofluids: A study on biodegradability and biocompatibility of zno nanostructures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Advanced Materials]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<numero>18</numero>
<issue>18</issue>
<page-range>2432-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Xia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lidong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Synthesis and characterization of waxberry- like microstructures zno for biosensors]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>129</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>268-73</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wayu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Morphology of hydrothermally synthesized zno nanoparticles tethered to carbon nanotubes affects electrocatalytic activity for h2o2 detection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Electrochimica Acta]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<page-range>99-104</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liustrovaite]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of anti- bodies against prostate-specific antigen based on zno nanostructures]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Journal of Molecular Sciences]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<issue>6</issue>
<page-range>5803</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gasparotto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P. C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zaghete]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Electro- chemical immunosensor based on zno nanorods-au nanoparticles nanohybrids for ovarian cancer antigen ca-125 detection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Materials Science and Engineering C]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<page-range>1240-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pormrungruang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Metal oxide nanostructures enhanced microfluidic plat- form for efficient and sensitive immunofluorescence detection of dengue virus]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nanomaterials]]></source>
<year>2023</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<numero>21</numero>
<issue>21</issue>
<page-range>2846</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
