<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0254-1637</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Argos]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Argos]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0254-1637</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[División de Ciencias Sociales y HumanidadesUniversidad Simón Bolívar]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0254-16372015000100009</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Desmitificar la lengua: la construcción de sujeto y comunidad en la poesía de Sandra Esteves]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Demystifying Language: Poetic Voice and Community Construction in the Poetry of Sandra Esteves]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Desmitificar a língua: da construção do “eu lírico” y a comunidade na poesia de Sandra Esteves]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salomón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sabrina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>32</volume>
<numero>62</numero>
<fpage>151</fpage>
<lpage>164</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0254-16372015000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0254-16372015000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0254-16372015000100009&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Sandra María Esteves comenzó su carrera leyendo poesía en público, junto con otros escritores nuyorican, en el Nuyorican Poets Café, lugar que funcionaba como recinto para expresar estas voces de reivindicación social y, a su vez, afirmar la identidad puertorriqueña de la diáspora. A lo largo de este trabajo, observaremos que posteriormente a esta etapa de poesía performática, la autora propone una construcción y defensa del nuyorican que va más allá de una conexión exclusivamente nacionalista con la lengua y el país de procedencia. Esta construcción performativa (de autora y texto) propone implantarse en una zona de interpenetración entre dos mundos, donde la representación de la isla paradisíaca no encuentra lugar en una escritura que se piensa como lienzo necropastoril o partitura disonante. En esta configuración, la mirada del exilio se asociará con una postura positiva y generativa, contraria a la de Ovidio (“el exilio es la muerte”).]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Sandra María Esteves began reading her poetry in public, along with other Nuyorican writers, at the Nuyorican Poets Cafe, a place that served as a venue for these voices to express social demands and to affirm, in turn, the identity of the Puerto Rican diaspora. Throughout this article, we will observe that following this stage of performative poetry, the author proposes a construction and defense of the Nuyorican that goes beyond a purely nationalistic connection with the language and country of origin. This performative construction (of author and text) accommodates itself in an area of interpenetration between two worlds, where the representation of the island as paradise finds no place in a kind of writing that is intended as a necropastoril canvas or dissonant score. In this configuration, exile is conceived as a positive and generative concept, contrary to Ovid´s perspective (“exile is death”).]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Sandra Maria Esteves começou a ler a sua poesia em público, junto com outros escritores Nuyorican, no Nuyorican Poets Cafe, um lugar que funcionava como um local de encontro para expressar essas vozes de demandas sociais e, por sua vez, afirmar a identidade da diáspora portoriquenha. Ao longo deste trabalho, vemos que após esta fase de poesia performática, a autora propõe uma construção Nuyorican e de defesa que vai além de uma conexão puramente nacionalista com o idioma e país de origem. Esta construção performativa (de autor e de texto) propõe localizarse em uma área de interpenetração entre dois mundos, onde a representação da ilha paradisíaca não encontra lugar em uma escrita que se pensa como tela necropastoril ou partitura dissonante. Nesta configuração, o exílio é pensado como um conceito positivo e gerador, contrário ao de Ovídio (“o exílio é a morte”).]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[exilio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[necropastoril]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nuyorican]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[poesía performática]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sandra María Esteves]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Exile]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Necropastoral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nuyorican]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Performance Poetry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sandra María Esteves]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[exílio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[necropastoril]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[nuyorican]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[poesia performática]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Sandra María Esteves]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><b><font face="Verdana">Desmitificar la lengua: la  construcción de sujeto y comunidad en la poesía de Sandra Esteves</font></b></p>     <p align="center"><font size="2" face="Verdana">Sabrina Salomón</font></p>     <p align="center"><font size="2" face="Verdana">Universidad Nacional de Mar del  Plata</font></p>     <p align="center"><a href="mailto:salomonsabrina@gmail.com"> <font size="2" face="Verdana">salomonsabrina@gmail.com</font></a></p>     <p align="right"><font size="2" face="Verdana">La mayoría de las personas tienen  consciencia de una cultura,</font></p>     <p align="right"><font size="2" face="Verdana">un contexto, una casa; los  exiliados tienen consciencia de al menos</font></p>     <p align="right"><font size="2" face="Verdana">dos, y esta pluralidad de visión  da lugar a una consciencia</font></p>     <p align="right"><font size="2" face="Verdana">de dimensiones simultáneas, una  conciencia que</font></p>     <p align="right"><font size="2" face="Verdana">–tomando prestada una frase de la  música– es contrapuntística.</font></p>     <p align="right"><font size="2" face="Verdana">Edward Said. <i>Reflections on  Exile</i> (2005, p. 194)</font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><b><font size="2">Resumen:</font></b><font size="2">  Sandra María Esteves comenzó su carrera leyendo poesía en público, junto con  otros escritores nuyorican, en el <i>Nuyorican Poets Café</i>, lugar que  funcionaba como recinto para expresar estas voces de reivindicación social y, a  su vez, afirmar la identidad puertorriqueña de la diáspora. A lo largo de este  trabajo, observaremos que posteriormente a esta etapa de poesía performática, la  autora propone una construcción y defensa del nuyorican que va más allá de una  conexión exclusivamente nacionalista con la lengua y el país de procedencia.  Esta construcción performativa (de autora y texto) propone implantarse en una  zona de interpenetración entre dos mundos, donde la representación de la isla  paradisíaca no encuentra lugar en una escritura que se piensa como lienzo  necropastoril o partitura disonante. En esta configuración, la mirada del exilio  se asociará con una postura positiva y generativa, contraria a la de Ovidio (“el  exilio es la muerte”).</font></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><b><font size="2">Palabras clave:</font></b><font size="2">  exilio, necropastoril, nuyorican, poesía performática, Sandra María Esteves.</font></font></p>     <p align="center"><b><font size="2" face="Verdana">Demystifying Language: Poetic  Voice and Community Construction in the Poetry of Sandra Esteves</font></b></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><b><font size="2">Abstract: </font></b> <font size="2">Sandra María Esteves began reading her poetry in public, along  with other Nuyorican writers, at the Nuyorican Poets Cafe, a place that served  as a venue for these voices to express social demands and to affirm, in turn,  the identity of the Puerto Rican diaspora. Throughout this article, we will  observe that following this stage of performative poetry, the author proposes a  construction and defense of the Nuyorican that goes beyond a purely  nationalistic connection with the language and country of origin. This  performative construction (of author and text) accommodates itself in an area of  interpenetration between two worlds, where the representation of the island as  paradise finds no place in a kind of writing that is intended as a necropastoril  canvas or dissonant score. In this configuration, exile is conceived as a  positive and generative concept, contrary to Ovid´s perspective (“exile is death”).</font></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><b><font size="2">Keywords:</font></b><font size="2">  Exile, Necropastoral, Nuyorican, Performance Poetry, Sandra María Esteves</font></font></p>     <p align="center"><b><font size="2" face="Verdana">Desmitificar a língua: da  construção do “eu lírico” y a comunidade na poesia de Sandra Esteves</font></b></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><b><font size="2">Resumo: </font></b> <font size="2">Sandra Maria Esteves começou a ler a sua poesia em público, junto  com outros escritores Nuyorican, no Nuyorican Poets Cafe, um lugar que  funcionava como um local de encontro para expressar essas vozes de demandas  sociais e, por sua vez, afirmar a identidade da diáspora portoriquenha. Ao longo  deste trabalho, vemos que após esta fase de poesia performática, a autora propõe  uma construção Nuyorican e de defesa que vai além de uma conexão puramente  nacionalista com o idioma e país de origem. Esta construção performativa (de  autor e de texto) propõe localizarse em uma área de interpenetração entre dois  mundos, onde a representação da ilha paradisíaca não encontra lugar em uma  escrita que se pensa como tela necropastoril ou partitura dissonante. Nesta  configuração, o exílio é pensado como um conceito positivo e gerador, contrário  ao de Ovídio (“o exílio é a morte”).</font></font></p>     <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><b><font size="2">Palavras chave:</font></b><font size="2">  exílio, necropastoril, nuyorican, poesia performática, Sandra María Esteves.</font></font></p>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">Sandra Mar</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a  Esteves es la voz femenina m</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s  destacada de los poetas nuyorican de la d</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">cada  de 1970. Naci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  en 1948 en el Bronx, Nueva York, hija de madre dominicana y padre puertorrique</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">o.  Creci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  con una madre soltera, de habla espa</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ola  y clase trabajadora, y recibi</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  su educaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  formal en un internado cat</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">lico  donde la </font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">nica  lengua permitida era el ingl</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s,  la espa</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ola  estaba prohibida. Solo hablaba espa</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ol  los fines de semana, cuando regresaba al contexto familiar, espec</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ficamente  a la casa de la t</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a  de su padre, quien cuidaba de ella mientras su madre trabajaba. Esta experiencia  forj</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  su conciencia de vivir dos culturas, lo cual se manifiesta en sus temas y en el  biling</font></span><font size="2">ü</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ismo  de su poes</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a  temprana, y en su apoyo a los movimientos de conciencia </font></span> <font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tnica  y racial de los a</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">os  1960 y 1970. Esteves comenz</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  a leer sus obras en p</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">blico,  junto con otros escritores nuyorican, en caf</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s  de poes</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a  y talleres universitarios. El </font></span><i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">Nuyorican Poets  Café</font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">,  en</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  donde dio sus primeros pasos, funcionaba como recinto para expresar</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  estas voces de reivindicaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  social y, a su vez, afirmar la identidad puertorrique</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a  de la di</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">spora.</font></span></font></p>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">A lo  largo de este trabajo, observaremos que posteriormente a esta</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  etapa, la autora propone una construcci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  y defensa del nuyorican que va m</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s  all</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  de una conexi</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  exclusivamente nacionalista con la lengua y el pa</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s  de procedencia. Esta construcci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  performativa (de autora y texto) propone implantarse en una zona de  interpenetraci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  entre dos mundos, donde la representaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  de la isla paradis</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">aca  no</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  encuentra lugar en una escritura que se piensa como lienzo necropastoril</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  o partitura disonante. En esta configuraci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n,  la mirada del exilio se asociar</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  con una postura positiva y generativa, contraria a la de</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  Ovidio (“el exilio es la muerte”).</font></span></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">En la primera etapa,  la del </font></span><i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> <font size="2">Nuyorican Poets Café</font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">,  el car</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">cter  performativo reconoce los actos verbales como eventos culturales y pol</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ticos  que establecen una concatenaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  entre la poeta y sus espectadores, permitiendo as</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  la construcci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  de un sentido de comunidad. Esta continuidad entre escritura y oralidad es lo  que </font></span><font size="2">É</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">douard  Glissant (1989) denomina </font></span><i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">oralitura</font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">:  “una s</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ntesis  de la sintaxis escrita y de la r</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tmica  hablada, de lo </font></span><i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">adquirido </font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">de  la escritura y del </font></span><i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">reflejo</font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  oral, de la soledad de la escritura y de la participaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  en el canto com</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n”  (p. 147). El siguiente poema se caracteriza por esta impronta oral que apela a  la identificaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  con el otro:</font></span></font></p>     <blockquote> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><b> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"> 	Here</span></b></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	I am two parts/a person</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	boricua/spic</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	past and present</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	alive and oppressed</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	given a cultural beauty</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	…<span lang="EN-US">and robbed of a cultural identity</span></span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	I speak the alien tongue</span></font></p> 	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	in sweet boriqueno thoughts</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	know love mixed with pain</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	have tasted spit on ghetto stairways</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	…<span lang="EN-US">here, it must be changed</span></span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	we must change it</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	I may never overcome</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	the theft of my isla heritage</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	dulce palmas de coco on Luquillo</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	sway in windy recesses I can only imagine</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	and remember how it was</span></font></p> 	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	But that reality now a dream</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	teaches me to see, and will</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	bring me back to me</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	(Esteves, 1980, p. 20)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">.</span></font></p> </blockquote>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">En este  texto observamos un intento de construcci</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">n  de la identidad nuyorican a trav</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">é</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">s  de un lenguaje oral que apela al receptor, que utiliza el cambio de c</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">digo  (t</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">pico  recurso nuyorican) y que describe la dif</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">cil  situaci</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">n  portorrique</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">ñ</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">a,  pero el poema concluye trazando un dejo de esperanza. Lo que distingue a Esteves  de otros nuyoricans es una </font></span><i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic; color: black"><font size="2"> oralitura</font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">  que se aleja de la ret</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">rica  estridente e imperativa, como la de Pi</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">ñ</font></span><font size="2"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black">ero</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black">,  por ejemplo. As</span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">,  Esteves comienza a construir una poes</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">a  que intenta superar la condici</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">n  nuyorican con otros recursos, una po</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">é</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">tica</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">  bals</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">á</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">mica  que explica diciendo </font></span> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">“</font><span lang="EN-US"><font size="2">I  wanted to create visual medicine</font></span></span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  that could turn grey walls into tropical gardens, the way God had created</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">  a universe from the darkness in seven days</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">”</font><span lang="EN-US"><font size="2">  (Esteves, 1998, p. 118).</font></span></span></font></p>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">En su  libro </font></span><i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic; color: black"><font size="2"> Bluestown Mockingbird Mambo </font></span></i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">(1990),  observaremos varios poemas que retoman esta intenci</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">n  del lenguaje pict</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">rico  para lograr una superaci</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">n  de binarismos. Se distingue, pues, un deslizamiento paulatino hacia la escritura  menos oral, m</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">s  po</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold; color: black"><font size="2">é</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">tica,  como si </font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> <font size="2">fuese dejando esa intenci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  de crear lazos exclusivos con los nuyoricans</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  para empezar a buscar otros, demostrando motivaciones que van</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  m</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s  all</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  de la lengua, desmitificando que la lengua utilizada, espa</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ol  o ingl</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s,  es el </font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">nico  veh</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">culo  de construcci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  de comunidad</font></span><sup><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Book"><font size="2">1</font></span></sup><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">.  Para</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  Derrida (1997), al igual que para Saussure, la lengua no es nada y no puede  localizarse; si bien existe por los hablantes, ninguno puede poseerla de forma  completa porque es porosa, endeble y cambiante.</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  As</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">,  el monoling</font></span><font size="2">ü</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ismo  deriva en angustia por la esencia que no puede discernirse, por ser un mero  transitar el vac</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">o  de una unidad que no estuvo ni estar</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  jam</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s.  Y aunque la lengua materna es la primera marca que uno recibe, el monoling</font></span><font size="2">ü</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ismo  del otro expone c</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">mo  el origen no es tal, no existe. El poder y reputaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  de la lengua colonial</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  aumentan la carencia, el no dominio del lenguaje apropiado. Esteves es  consciente de que no tiene lengua materna, sus dos lenguas son las lenguas del  otro, las lenguas impuestas en nuestro hemisferio.</font></span></p>     <blockquote> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><b> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"> 	Not Neither</span></b></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	Being </span><i> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> 	Puertorriqueña Dominicana</span></i></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	Born in the Bronx, not really </span><i> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> 	jibara</span></i></font></p> 	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	Not really </span><i> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> 	hablando bien</span></i></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	But yet, not </span><i> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> 	Gringa </span></i> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	either</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><i> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic">Pero ni  	portorra, pero si portorra </span></i> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">too</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><i> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> 	Pero ni que </span></i> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	what am I?</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><i> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> 	Y que soy, pero con </span></i> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	what voice do my lips move?</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	Rhythms of Rosa wood feet dancing Bomba</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	Not even here, but here, y Conga</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	Yet not being, </span><i> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> 	pero soy, </span></i> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	and not really</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><i> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic">Y  	somos, y cómo somos?</span></i></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><i> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic">Bueno,  	eso si es algo lindo</span></i></font></p> 	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><i> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic">Algo  	muy lindo</span></i></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">We defy  	translation</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><i> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic">Ni  	tengo nombre</span></i></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	nameless, we are a whole culture once removed</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	Lolita alive for twenty-five years</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><i> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic">Ni soy,  	pero soy Puertorriqueña como ella</span></i></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	Giving blood to the independent star</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	Daily transfusions into the river of </span><i> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> 	La Sangre Viva</span></i></font></p> 	    <p align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">(Esteves,  	1984, p. 80).</span></font></p> </blockquote>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">En la  escritura, la referencia a una palabra en lengua extranjera se</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  indica con it</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">licas.  En este poema, el texto en espa</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ol  aparece en it</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">licas  pero tambi</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  el t</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tulo,  que figura en ingl</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s: </font></span><i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> <font size="2">Not Neither</font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">.  As</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">,  ambas lenguas son impropias, y ni el ingl</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s  ni el espa</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ol  indican lealtad, como piensan muchos de los portorrique</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">os  de la isla con respecto a los portorrique</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">os  que hablan ingl</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s,  como si el espa</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ol</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  fuese NUESTRA lengua. Para Esteves, ninguna de estas lenguas los</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  define. Y en otro poema de </font></span><i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">Yerba buena </font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2"> resuelve el enigma diciendo “</font><span lang="EN-US"><font size="2">I am more  than the night and day of things, a mixture of something</font></span><font size="2">  unique…” (1980, p. 10). Se observa un entendimiento de la condici</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  de la lengua, una desmitificaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n: </font></span><i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> <font size="2">Ni tengo nombre</font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">,  es decir no existe la representaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  y “el nombre propio pertenece sin pertenecer a</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  la lengua” (Bennington y Derrida 1991, p. 183). Y por otro lado, la</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  traducci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  es imposible (“we defy translation”) porque no hay un</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  significado trascendental y un sistema cerrado (o dos, en este caso); si no hay  sentido posible fuera del lenguaje, ni un sistema concreto de origen en el que  el sentido de cierto signo dependa de otras relaciones,</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  no hay metalenguaje posible y por lo tanto, la idea de traducci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  se vuelve utop</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a.  La descripci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  de los versos se</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ala  la compleja condici</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  de lo que se llama “identidad”, una conformaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  del “yo” que se observa en crisis, con una enunciaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  traum</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tica  y similar a la de un esquizofr</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">nico  o individuo con trastorno bipolar, causado por un binarismo ling</font></span><font size="2">üí</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">stico.</font></span></font></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">Seg</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  Firmat (2003): “no hay biling</font></span><font size="2">ü</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ismo  sin dolor” (p. 6), clara sensaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  de muchos nuyoricans, que aunque no hayan nacido en Estados Unidos, las huellas  de una segunda lengua marcan una angustia por sus afectos divididos. Sin  embargo, veremos que Esteves no confirma sentir este dolor porque, de alguna  manera, lo exterioriza, le “saca la lengua”, es decir, utiliza la lengua de la  cual no tiene control absoluto y se burla de los “vigilantes” que controlan su  uso. Derrida</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  (1997) afirma: “al volver siempre al otro, la lengua es disim</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tricamente</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  del otro, el otro la guarda” (la cuida, la juzga y controla) (p. 36). A  diferencia de Wilcock o Borges, por ejemplo, para quienes es</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  necesario ejercer un buen control de la lengua, Esteves desaf</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a  ese vigilante que es el otro. En “A la Mujer Borrinque</font></span><font size="2">ñ<span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light">a</span></font><font size="2"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light">”,  uno de los poemas</span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  m</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s  conocidos de su obra, se observa la ortograf</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a  incorrecta de “borrinque</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a”  en el t</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tulo,  probablemente adrede, ya que ha vuelto a figurar as</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  en reimpresiones posteriores. En vista de que la lengua se halla fuera de su  territorio, el lenguaje intensificar</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  su pobreza para hacer de ella un uso puramente intensivo que </font></span><i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">resuena </font> </span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">su  materialidad. El uso del espa</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ol  se utilizar</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">,  no tanto por la carga sem</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ntica  de la palabra (como s</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  sucede en otras poetas nuyorican como Ortiz Cofer</font></span><sup><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Book"><font size="2">2</font></span></sup><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">),  sino para hacer “un uso intensivo asignificante de la lengua” (Deleuze, 1978, p.  37). As</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">,  el uso de expresiones en espa</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ol  con una gram</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tica  incorrecta sirve para demostrar una anti-asimilaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n:</font></span></font></p>     <blockquote> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><b> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Bold">Oye me</span></b></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">que mi esp</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">í</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">ritu  	habla</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">y est</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">á</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">  	bailando aqu</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">í</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">Me dijo una  	cosa</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">y lo voy a  	decir a ti</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">me dijo que</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">la gente  	nacieron a ser libres […]</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">(Esteves,  	1980, p. 3).</span></font></p> </blockquote>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">Una  resistencia que se explica luego en su poema “Boricua”:</font></span></p>     <blockquote> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	In this bewildered desert</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"><i> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> 	Even though stripped and beaten</span></i></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	This blood does not melt</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	(Esteves, 1984, p. 24).</span></font></p> </blockquote>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">Firmat  sostiene que los que usan una lengua minoritaria, pueden retrotraer</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  el lenguaje a su origen glosol</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">lico,  de fonaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  inarticulada, “al mundo de la infancia”, y supone una </font></span><i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">regresión</font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">,  o mejor dicho</font></span><i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">,  un regreso. </font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> <font size="2">O, como bien explica Bradford, el “‘balbuceo’[o “mal hablar”</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  en este caso] nos remite a las lenguas nacidas del mito de la Torre de</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  Babel, pero el discurso desordenado tambi</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  hace referencia a las teor</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">as</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  relacionadas con el ‘quiebre del lenguaje’ que menciona Kristeva”</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  (2011, p. 44). Al referirse al lenguaje po</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tico  moderno en general, en “<span lang="EN-US">The Semiotic and the Symbolic</span>”<span lang="EN-US">,  Kristeva sostiene que </span>“</font><span lang="EN-US"><font size="2">[mimesis  y</font></span><font size="2"> lenguaje po</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tico]  protestan contra su pose. Y as</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">,  con una complejidad desenvuelta a trav</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s  de sus pr</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">cticas,  el proceso de significaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  se une la revoluci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  social” (Oliver, 2002, p. 49). Y, siguiendo el argumento de Bradford (2011),  esta </font></span><i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> <font size="2">chora </font></span></i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">semi</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tica,  “asociada al cuerpo y ritmo maternos, es </font></span><b> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">indiferente al  lenguaje</font></span></b><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">,  enigm</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tico  y femenino, y se vuelve una fuerza primaria en la poes</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a  moderna, que es </font></span><font size="2">´</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">revolucionaria</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  ´ ya que apoya la resistencia a las normas tradicionales” (p. 44).</font></span></p>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">Para Esteves,  entonces, esta interacci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  antiasimiladora de lenguas</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  es fruct</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font size="2">í</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">fera: </font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">“<span lang="EN-US">I  speak two languages broken into each other</span>”</font><span lang="EN-US"><font size="2">  (1980,</font></span><font size="2"> p. 63), como si existiera una fuerza er</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tica  entre ambas, que deber</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a  generar placer. En su trabajo, </font></span><i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">Ambivalence or  Activism from the Nuyorican Perspective in Poetry </font></span></i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">(1987), Esteves  sostiene:</font></span></font></p>     <blockquote> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">La  	ambivalencia es una condici</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">ó</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">n  	pol</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">í</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">tica  	constante que va m</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">á</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">s  	all</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">á</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">  	de la de los l</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">í</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">mites  	de nuestra identidad Portorrique</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">ñ</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">a  	estamos siempre sujetos a decisiones de vida, tratando de sobrevivir entre  	el Yin y el Yang, el cielo y el infierno, la derecha y la izquierda, el  	Puerto Rico de Nueva York de y el Puerto Rico caribe</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">ñ</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">o,  	el ingl</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">é</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">s  	y espa</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">ñ</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">ol,  	la pobreza y la tecnolog</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">í</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">a,  	la opresi</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">ó</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">n  	y la expresi</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">ó</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">n,  	el yo y el alma (traducci</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">ó</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">n  	m</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">í</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">a)  	(p. 168).</span></font></p> </blockquote>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">Si  bien Esteves no festeja lo que ella nombra la “ambivalencia” de</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  la situaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  del portorrique</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">o  que vive en Nueva York, su descripci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  no es para nada tr</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">gica.  En su trabajo, no hay duelo por un ser</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  perdido como el que encontramos en el siguiente comentario de la</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  escritora Rosario Ferr</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  citado por Sotomayor: “lo triste es que se les ha olvidado el espa</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ol  y nunca aprendieron a hablar ingl</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s.  Se est</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  quedando mudos. Hay, definitivamente un problema de expresi</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  que</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  yo comparto” (1995, p. 286). Esteves, parece poner de relieve un tipo</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  diferente de relaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  con el pasado y la isla, donde la multiplicidad cultural y ling</font></span><font size="2">üí</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">stica  no desintegra identidades. Una fricci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  que se convierte en m</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sica.</font></span></font></p>     <blockquote> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">y si la  	patria es una mujer, then i am also a rebel</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	and a lover of free people</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	and will continue looking for </span><b> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"> 	friction </span></b> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	in empty spaces</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	which is the only music i know how to play</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">(Esteves,  	1980, p. 49).</span></font></p> </blockquote>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">La vinculaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  de sus poemas con la m</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sica,  y m</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s  espec</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ficamente  con la m</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sica  “multisonante” e incluso disonante, en oposici</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  a la m</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sica  arm</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">nica,  revela una necesidad de superar las ambivalencias</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  desde un punto originario que no tiene que ver con la lengua ni con</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  la isla (Puerto Rico): ese lugar es la m</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sica,  la de la di</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">spora  africana, la de la isla Puerto Rico pero tambi</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  el jazz de Nueva York. Con Nietzsche (1996) conocemos esta visi</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  genes</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">aca:  “El placer que el mito tr</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">gico  produce tiene id</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ntica  patria que la sensaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  placentera de la disonancia en la m</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sica.  Lo dionis</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">aco  con su placer primordial percibido incluso en el dolor, es la matriz com</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  de la m</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sica  y del mito tr</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">gico”  (p. 198). La disonancia implica o-ir m</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s  all</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  de la audici</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n;</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  como sostiene Nietzsche, es “un aspirar al infinito de un aletazo”</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  (p. 198). La m</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sica  es disonante y si no constituye un consuelo a las miserias de la vida,  contribuye a una comprensi</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  m</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s  asombrosa.</font></span></font></p>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">As</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">,  Esteves utiliza la m</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sica  como elemento coactivo para poder desmitificar la idea de “para</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">so  perdido”, mitificada a ra</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">z  del orden apol</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">neo  y binario establecido por la colonizaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n.  Su visi</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  ser</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  m</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s  dionis</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">aca  y alejada de binarismos, y su condici</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  nuyorican le permitir</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  esa indefinici</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  donde no hay que optar por un extremo u otro porque el sujeto es colectivo,  indeterminado: “mi esp</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ritu  baila mucho aqu</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">/  en un ambiente colectivo” (Esteves, 1980, p. 3). En otro poema, propone que los  lazos se busquen m</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s  all</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  de las divisiones: casa natal/barrio neoyorquino; ingl</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s/espa</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ol.  Es la m</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sica  la que puede vincularlos con el mito de la creaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n,  no la lengua. La m</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sica</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  como vientre vibrante.</font></span></p>     <blockquote> 	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	In the beginning was the sound</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	Like the universe exploding</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	It came, took form, gave life</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	And was called Conga (Esteves, 1984, p. 9).</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	become my own womb</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	directing the voice I follow</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	with simple pride</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	stretching to assimilate</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	into my one universe</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	always a new way</span></font></p> 	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	moving in constant</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	touching all the atomic circumference</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	From the center I receive merge</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	become force vibrating music</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	(Esteves, 1980</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic">, 	</span></i> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	p. 24).</span></font></p> </blockquote>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">Hay, entonces, una  prolongaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  de la funcionalidad de la m</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sica,  que parte de la vinculaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  con el </font></span><i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> <font size="2">Nuyorican Poets Café </font></span></i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">(a fin de crear una  camarader</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a  entre nuyoricans) y se hace extensiva ahora a toda la di</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">spora  africana, excede los v</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">nculos  de nacionalidad, se hace sinfon</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a  universal, un di</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">logo  entre y de nosotros.</font></span></font></p>     <blockquote> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	Give me the chance to be</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	Myself and create symphonies like</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	The pastel dawn or the empty canvas</span></font></p> 	    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	Before the first stroke of color is released</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	Come in a dialogue of we</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	You and me reacting, responding</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> 	Being, something new</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">Discovering</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">(Olivares,  	1993, p. 147).</span></font></p> </blockquote>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">El hecho de que la m</font></span><font size="2">ú</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sica  caribe</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a  est</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  estrechamente ligada a las ra</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ces  culturales africanas apoya esta conexi</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n.  La poeta Marlene Nourbese Philip (1989) se</font></span><font size="2">ñ</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ala  que “las formas musicales art</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sticas</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  africanas probablemente deben su supervivencia y persistencia al hecho de que  son esencialmente no verbales” (p. 15).</font></span></p>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">Retomando ahora su  vocaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  de artista visual, es importante resaltar</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  sus reflexiones acerca del modo en que aborda la escritura: “My</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  approach is as a painter approaching the void</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">”</font><span lang="EN-US"><font size="2">  (Esteves, 1998, p. 118).</font></span><font size="2"> Esta construcci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  (de autora y texto) en lo/el vac</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">o  (void) propone un empezar de cero, una purgaci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  y desprendimiento, en una zona necropastoril, de interpenetraci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  entre dos mundos, donde la imagen pura y paradis</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">aca  ya no tiene lugar. El t</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">rmino  ‘necropastoril’ de Joyelle McSweeny es una zona pol</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tico-est</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tica  en la que las depredaciones</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  de la humanidad no pueden separarse de la experiencia con la naturaleza,  envenenada, mutada, aberrante, espectacular, llena de</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  efectos nocivos y defectos (McSweeney, 2014, p</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">rrafo  6, traducci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  m</font></span><font size="2">í</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a).  Esta descripci</font></span><font size="2">ó</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n  me traslada a </font></span><i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">Cuaderno de un  regreso a mi país natal </font></span></i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">de Aim</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">  C</font></span><font size="2">é</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">saire  (1969), m</font></span><font size="2">á</font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s  precisamente, a la imagen</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  que configura de las Antillas y su pueblo:</font></span></p>     <blockquote> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">Fantasmas  	subid azules de qu</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">í</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">mica  	de un bosque de bestias acorraladas de m</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">á</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">quinas  	retorcidas de un azufaifo de carnes podridas de una cesta de ostras de ojos  	de una red de correas recortadas en el hermoso sisal de una piel de hombre  	tendr</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">é</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">  	palabras bastante vastas para conteneros y t</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">ú</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">  	tierra tirante tierra borracha tierra gran sexo levantado hacia el sol  	tierra gran delirio de la m</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt">é</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">ntula</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light">  	de Dios (p. 47).</span></font></p> </blockquote>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">La  tierra se degrada y se describe penetrable, accesible. Seg</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">ú</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">n  Mc-</font><font size="2">Sweeney, la energ</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">a  del poema consiste en penetrar y re-penetrar la tierra putrefacta con fantasmas,  basura, cad</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">veres  y materiales</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  ocultos, para engendrar una contra-natividad, un contra-nacimiento. De esta  manera, “el poeta forja incestuosamente su propio renacimiento, no como un  hombre liberado, sino como una especie de doble</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">  espectral, una producci</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">n  del texto: </font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">´</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: #091C1E"><font size="2">¡</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">Y  he aqu</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">  que yo he venido!</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">´</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">  ”</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  (McSweeney, 2014, p. 16). Esteves no degenera “su tierra” pero tampoco</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">  se aferra al mito del para</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">so  caribe</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">ñ</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">o;  la recrea con im</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">genes  antit</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">é</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">ticas,  de fluidos y penetraci</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">n  donde las figuras (im</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">genes  y notas musicales) confluyen en ese lienzo vac</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">o.</font></span></font></p>     <blockquote> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	I want to paint.</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	[</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black">…<span lang="EN-US">]</span></span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	The chaos and the calm,</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	A fire breathing dragon shooting a golden blaze,</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	A supersonic jet across the clear sky,</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	A volcano</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	(Esteves, 1990, p. 19).</span></font></p> </blockquote>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">En  estas im</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">genes  tambi</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">é</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">n  se observan aberturas en la naturaleza</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  (A supersonic jet across the clear sky/a volcano), una necesidad de penetrar, de  erupcionar, de ser protagonista y marcar uno mismo el destino, proyectando el  presente en ese origen, que se marca sin el</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">  tempo establecido, con disonancias y desestructuraci</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">n,  como la m</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">ú</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">sica</font></span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  de Betty Carter.</font></span></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<blockquote> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	I want to Paint, the way Betty Carter can deliver a blues</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	Like you</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; color: black">´</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black">ve  	always wanted to hear it</span></font></p> 	    <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> 	<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"> 	(Esteves, 1990, p. 50).</span></font></p> </blockquote>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">As</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">,  la est</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">é</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">tica  de Esteves termina por revelar una postura del exilio,</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  o del traslado o intercambio de zonas, que no llora el pasado y el presente,</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">  sino m</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">s  bien, busca superarlo, coincidiendo en que “la Patria</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  es la comunidad de hombres y mujeres que a lo largo de un proceso</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">  hist</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">rico  conforma una manera de vivir la vida en constante evoluci</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">n</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  y cambio” (Andreu Iglesias, 1980, p. 24). Como McSweeney en su</font></span><font face="Verdana"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">  zona Necropastoril, Esteves reconoce la descomposici</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">n  presente de forma oculta en los bordes higi</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">é</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">nicos  del cl</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">sico  pastoril (o para</font></span><span style="color: black"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2">so)</font></span></font><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light; color: black"><font size="2" face="Verdana">  y reinterpreta este lugar como una zona de intercambios.</font></span></p>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><b> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2" face="Verdana"> Conclusión</font></span></b></p>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana">     <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">En la literatura      nuyorican se ha observado que la mayor</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a      de los escritores utilizan el </font></span><i>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">code switching     </font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">     para mostrar la tensi</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n      ling</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">üí</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">stica,      para apelar, como Cofer, a una consciencia de no olvido de la cultura o para      crear la idea de un para</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">so      al cual ya no se podr</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">      volver. En estos poemas, por lo general, la mirada del exilio se asocia m</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s      con la perspectiva de Ovidio en tanto que el exilio significa la muerte, o      cuanto menos, la p</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">é</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">rdida,      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[la falta, el dolor. Como hemos podido ver en Esteves, esa otra parte de su      identidad no se piensa perdida, sino m</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s      bien, localizada en otro imaginario, y se recupera, no tanto a trav</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">é</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s      del sincretismo ling</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">üí</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">stico,      sino m</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">s      bien del sincretismo art</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">stico      que fusiona la m</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ú</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sica      originada en </font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold">     <font size="2">Á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">frica      con un imaginario pict</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">rico.      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[De esta manera, los lazos identitarios no se buscan en relaci</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n      con la isla, sino con toda la di</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">spora      africana que marca el origen (“In the beginning was sound”) y que es capaz de      aliviar las contradicciones de los nuyoricans y proponer una mirada unificadora      entre la isla y el continente, entre naturaleza-ciudad, entre el yo y el otro…      As</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">,      Esteves, con un firmeza en el presente, que no idealiza la isla sino que propone      acci</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n      desde el cemento y la opresi</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n:      “This womantree has/thickly rooted in cement/ mass profusions and/ infinite      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[rebellions” (1980, p. 5), traza lazos de comuni</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n      con los or</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">genes      africanos, denunciando el rechazo pero tambi</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">é</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n      celebrando con m</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ú</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">sica      y pinceladas los brotes positivos (yerba buena) que pueden emerger de la      conjunci</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n      necropastoril, una tierra que ya no es un para</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">so      ideal sino que est</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">      marcada por discrepancias, decepciones y violencia, que a</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ú</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n      pueden hacer “sonar” una canci</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[de liberaci</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n      y alivio, y de hecho, es as</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">      es como concluye su poemario </font></span><i>     <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">Yerba buena</font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">:      “</font></span><i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">y      la gente sabe que somos la tierra/ con fuegos y manos juntos cambiamos</font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">”      (1980, p. 90).</font></span></font></p>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><b> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2" face="Verdana">Notas</font></span></b></p>     <p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Book"><font size="2" face="Verdana">1  Muchos autores del exilio puertorriqueño han escrito sobre el rechazo que  reciben de sus compatriotas residentes de la isla. En su poema “Nuyorican”, Tato  Laviera expresa: “ahora regreso, con un corazón boricua, y tú, / me desprecias,  me miras mal, me atacas mi hablar” (1985, p. 53).</font></span></p>     <p align="justify"><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Book"> <font size="2" face="Verdana">2 En una entrevista, Cofer explica que incluye  palabras en español porque “they’re a magical formula for getting back in touch  with my culture” (citado en Hernández, 1997, p. 101).</font></span></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><b> <span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"> <font size="2" face="Verdana">Referencias</font></span></b></p>     <!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">1.  Andreu Iglesias, C. (1980). </font></span><i> <span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2"> Memorias de Bernardo Vega</font></span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">. </font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">Puerto  Rico: Ediciones Hurac</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">n.</font></span></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2802774&pid=S0254-1637201500010000900001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">2. Bennington, G. y  Derrida, J. (1991). </font></span><i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">Jacques Derrida</font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">. </font></span><i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> <font size="2">Traducción M. Luisa Rodríguez Tapia. </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">Madrid:  C</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">á</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tedra.</font></span></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2802775&pid=S0254-1637201500010000900002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">3.  Bradford, L. (2011). Speaking to the Dead: Juan Gelman</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">’</font><span lang="EN-US"><font size="2">s  Feminization of Argentine Poetics as a Politics of Resistance. En C. Larkosh  (Ed.), </font></span></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2"> Regendering Translation </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">(pp.  32-49). Manchester: St. Jerome.</font></span></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2802776&pid=S0254-1637201500010000900003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">4. C</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">é</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">saire,  A. (1969). </font></span><i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> <font size="2">Cuaderno de un regreso al país natal</font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">.  Extra</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">do  de </font> <a style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single" href="http://www.arquitecturadelastransferencias.net/images/bibliografia/cesaire_retorno_al_pais_natal.pdf"> <font size="2"> http://www.arquitecturadelastransferencias.net/ images/bibliografia/cesaire_retorno_al_pais_natal.pdf</font></a></span></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2802777&pid=S0254-1637201500010000900004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">5. Deleuze, G. y  Guattari, F. (1978). </font></span><i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">Kafka, por una  literatura menor</font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">.  M</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">é</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">xico:  Era.</font></span></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2802778&pid=S0254-1637201500010000900005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">6. Derrida, J.  (1997). El monoling</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ü</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ismo  del otro o la pr</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ó</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">tesis  de origen. Extra</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">í</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">do  de </font> <a style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single" href="http://monoskop.org/images/d/d8/Derrida_Jacques_El_monolingüismo_del_otro_1997.pdf"> <font size="2"> http://monoskop.org/images/d/d8/Derrida_Jacques_El_monoling%C3%BCismo_del_otro_1997.pdf</font></a></span></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2802779&pid=S0254-1637201500010000900006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">7. Di</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">á</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">spora  puertorrique</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ñ</font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a  en Estados Unidos. (2015). En </font></span><i> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">Enciclopedia  dePuerto Rico</font></span></i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">. </font></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> <font size="2">Extra</font></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">í</font></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">do  de </font></span><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> <a style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline; text-underline: single" href="http://www.enciclopediapr.org/esp/article.cfm?ref=06082951%20&%20page=1"> <span lang="PT-BR"><font size="2"> http://www.enciclopediapr.org/esp/article.cfm?ref=06082951 &amp; page=1</font></span></a></span></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2802780&pid=S0254-1637201500010000900007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">8. Esteves, S.  M. (1980)</font><i><font size="2">. Yerba buena. </font></i></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2"> Nueva York, NY: The Greenfield Review Press.</font></span></i></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2802781&pid=S0254-1637201500010000900008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">9. _______. (1984). </font></span><i><span style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> <font size="2">Tropical Rain: A Bilingu</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2">al  Downpour</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">.  Nueva York, NY: African Caribbean Poetry Theater.</font></span></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2802782&pid=S0254-1637201500010000900009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">10.  _______. (1987). Ambivalence or Activism from the Nuyorican Perspective in  Poetry. In S. A. Rodr</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">í</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">guez  (Ed.), </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2"> Images and Identities: The Puerto Rican in Two World Contexts </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">(pp.  164-170). New Brunswick: Transaction Books.</font></span></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2802783&pid=S0254-1637201500010000900010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">11.  _______. (1990). </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2"> Bluestown Mockingbird Mambo</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">.  New York, NY: Arte P</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"><font size="2">ú</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">blico  Press.</font></span></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2802784&pid=S0254-1637201500010000900011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">12.  _______. (1998). Open Letter to Eliana (Testimonio). En A. Horno-Delgado; E.  Ortega; N. M. Scott y N. Saporta (Eds.), </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2"> Breaking Boundaries: Latina Writing and Critical Reading </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">(pp.  117-121). Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press.</font></span></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2802785&pid=S0254-1637201500010000900012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span lang="FR" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">13.  Glissant, </font></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Bold"> <font size="2">É</font></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">.  (1989 [1981]). </font></span><i> <span lang="FR" style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2"> Caribbean Discourse: Selected Essays. </font></span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2"> Translated and with an introduction by J.M Dash</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">.  Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.</font></span></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2802786&pid=S0254-1637201500010000900013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">14.  Gordils, Y. (1989). Sandra Mar</font></span><span lang="PT-BR"><font size="2">í</font></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">a </font></span><i><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> <font size="2">Esteves</font></span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">. </font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"> <font size="2">En N. Kanellos (Ed.), </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2"> Biographical Dictionary </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">of </font></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"> <font size="2">Hispanic Literature in the United States </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">(pp.  85-94). Santa B</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font size="2">á</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">rbara:  Greenwood Press.</font></span></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2802787&pid=S0254-1637201500010000900014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">15. Hern</font></span><span lang="EN-US"><font size="2">á</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">ndez,  C. D. (1997). Judith Ortiz Cofer. </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2"> Puerto Rican Voices in English: Interviews with Writers </font></span></i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">(pp.  95-105). Westport: Praeger.</font></span></font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=2802788&pid=S0254-1637201500010000900015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p style="text-autospace: none" align="justify"><font face="Verdana"> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">16.  Laviera, T. (1985). </font></span><i> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-LightItalic"><font size="2"> AmeRícan</font></span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: CenturyStd-Light"><font size="2">.  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<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Andreu Iglesias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Memorias de Bernardo Vega]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
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