<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0367-4762</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Gaceta Médica de Caracas]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Gac Méd Caracas]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0367-4762</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ATEPROCA]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0367-47622001000300008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Óxido nítrico, malondialdehído, perfil lipídico, factor de necrosis tumoral alfa y sus receptores solubles en mujeres no embarazadas, gestantes normales y preeclámpticas]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Núñez-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanabria-Vera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Charles]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romero-Adrián]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tania]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Núñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montiel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Isabel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boscán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Filiberta]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boccechiampe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edwin]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Zulia Escuela de Medicina Catedra de Inmunologia]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Zulia Postgrado de Obstetricia y Ginecologia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hospital Manuel Noriega Trigo IVSS  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2001</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>109</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>352</fpage>
<lpage>360</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0367-47622001000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0367-47622001000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0367-47622001000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se diseñó un estudio clínico multicéntrico para determinar las concentraciones séricas del óxido nítrico, malondialdehído, lípidos, factor de necrosis tumoral a (TNF &#945;) y sus receptores solubles I y II (sTNF &#945; -RI y RII). Se seleccionaron 75 pacientes: 15 mujeres no embarazadas (grupo A), 45 gestantes normales, 15 por cada trimestre (grupos B, C y D) y 15 con diagn&#963;stico de preeclampsia (grupo E). El &#963;xido n&#957;trico se midi&#963; por ensayo de diazotizaci&#963;n, el malondialdeh&#957;do por reacci&#963;n con el &#945;cido tiobarbit&#970;rico, el perfil lipídico por análisis enzimático, el TNF &#945; y los receptores solubles por ELISA. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el test ANOVA con pos test de Tukey y la t de Student. El óxido nítrico mostró una elevación significativa (p< 0,001) en el grupo D con respecto a los grupos A, B y C, mientras que el grupo E registró una caída significante (p< 0,001) con respecto al D. El malondialdehído mantuvo valores similares entre los grupos. El colesterol, las VLDL y los triglicéridos (TG`s) se elevaron durante el embarazo, con diferencias significativas (p< 0,001) del grupo D con respecto al A, B y C, mientras que el grupo E presentó valores significativamente más altos (p< 0,01) que los del D. El TNF &#945; estaba significativamente disminuido (p< 0,001) en los grupos B, C y D con respecto al A. El sTNF &#945; -RI y el sTNF &#945; -RII alcanzaron cifras elevadas en el grupo E (p< 0,001) con respecto a los dem&#945;s grupos. El embarazo normal se asocia con aumento del &#963;xido n&#957;trico, de los l&#957;pidos y disminuci&#963;n del TNF &#945;. En preeclampsia, las cifras de presi&#963;n arterial elevadas coinciden significativamente con disminución del óxido nítrico y aumento del TNF &#945; y sus sTNF &#945; -Rs. El comportamiento de la citocina podr&#957;a ser una de las causas implicadas en la patolog&#957;a.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[A multicentrical clinical study was designed with the purpose to measure Nitric oxyde, malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid profile and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF TNF &#945;) and its receptors p55 and p75 (sTNF TNF &#945; -p55 and sTNF TNF &#945; -p75) in nonpregnant women, normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Blood samples were collected without anticoagulant from 15 nonpregnant women, 45 pregnant women for each trimester (groups B, C and D), and 15 with PE. Nitric oxyde was measured by diazotization assay, the malondialdehyde trough barbituric acid reactions, the lipid profile was determined by enzyme assay, TNF TNF &#945; was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and sTNF TNF &#945; -p55 and sTNF TNF &#945; p75 were measured by amplified immunoenzymometric assay. The statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA one way with Tukey post test and unpaired t Student test. Nitric oxyde values of group D showed a significant raise (p< 0.001) with respect to A, B and C, while group E registered a significant fall (p< 0.001). The malondialdehyde had similar levels in all groups. Total cholesterol, VLDL and Triglycerids (TG`s) showed tendency to raise during pregnancy, with a significant difference (p< 0.001) between group D and groups A, B and C, Group E showed significant higher values (p< 0.01) than D. The values of TNF &#945; were higher (p< 0.001) in nonpregnant women. sTNF &#945; -p55 and sTNF &#945; -p75 reached higher levels in group E (p< 0.001). We conclude that Nitric oxyde is elevated in normal pregnancy and falls in preeclampsia; malondialdehyde keeps similar levels in pregnancy and preeclampsia; TG`s, total cholesterol, VLDL and LDL are raised with development of pregnancy; TNF &#945; is lower in normal pregnant women than nonpregnant women; TG`s, total cholesterol, TNF &#945;, TNF &#945; -p55 and TNF &#945; -p75 are elevated in pregnancy.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Embarazo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Preeclampsia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Óxido nítrico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Malondialdehído]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Perfil lipídico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[TNF]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sTNF -RI]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sTNF -RII]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pregnancy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Preeclampsia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nitric oxyde]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Malondialdehyde]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Lipid profile]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[TNF]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sTNF -p55]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sTNF -p75]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[   <FONT FACE="Times,Times New Roman" SIZE=5> </FONT><B><FONT FACE="Times,Times New Roman">    <P ALIGN="CENTER">&Oacute;xido n&iacute;trico, malondialdeh&iacute;do, perfil lip&iacute;dico, factor de necrosis tumoral alfa y sus receptores solubles en mujeres no embarazadas, gestantes normales y preecl&aacute;mpticas </P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER"></FONT></B>Drs. Jos&eacute; N&uacute;&ntilde;ez-Gonz&aacute;lez*, Charles Sanabria-Vera***, Tania Romero-Adri&aacute;n***, Luis N&uacute;&ntilde;ez****, Isabel Montiel****, Filiberta Bosc&aacute;n*****, Edwin Boccechiampe***** </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">*C&aacute;tedra de Inmunolog&iacute;a, Escuela de Medicina de La Universidad del Zulia.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">**C&aacute;tedra de Historia de la Medicina, Escuela de Medicina de La Universidad del Zulia. Hospital Manuel Noriega Trigo-IVSS, San Francisco-Zulia, Venezuela.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">***C&aacute;tedra de Inmunolog&iacute;a, Escuela de Medicina de La Universidad del Zulia. Maestr&iacute;a en Inmunolog&iacute;a Experimental de La Universidad del Zulia.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">****Posgrado de Obstetricia y Ginecolog&iacute;a MACP-SAHUM, de La Universidad del Zulia. </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">*****Hospital Manuel Noriega Trigo-IVSS, San Francisco-Zulia,&#9;Venezuela.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">RESUMEN</P> <I>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Se dise&ntilde;&oacute; un estudio cl&iacute;nico multic&eacute;ntrico para determinar las concentraciones s&eacute;ricas del &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico, malondialdeh&iacute;do, l&iacute;pidos, factor de necrosis tumoral a (TNF &#945;<FONT FACE="Times New Roman">) y sus receptores solubles I y II (sTNF &#945; -RI y RII). Se seleccionaron 75 pacientes: 15 mujeres no embarazadas (grupo A), 45 gestantes normales, 15 por cada trimestre (grupos B, C y D) y 15 con diagn&#963;stico de preeclampsia (grupo E). El &#963;</FONT>xido n&iacute;trico se midi&oacute; por ensayo de diazotizaci&oacute;n, el malondialdeh&iacute;do por reacci&oacute;n con el &aacute;cido tiobarbit&uacute;rico, el perfil lip&iacute;dico por an&aacute;lisis enzim&aacute;tico, el TNF &#945; y los receptores solubles por ELISA. Para el an&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;stico se utiliz&oacute; el test ANOVA con pos test de Tukey y la t de Student. El &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico mostr&oacute; una elevaci&oacute;n significativa (p&lt; 0,001) en el grupo D con respecto a los grupos A, B y C, mientras que el grupo E registr&oacute; una ca&iacute;da significante (p&lt; 0,001) con respecto al D. El malondialdeh&iacute;do mantuvo valores similares entre los grupos. El colesterol, las VLDL y los triglic&eacute;ridos (TG`s) se elevaron durante el embarazo, con diferencias significativas (p&lt; 0,001) del grupo D con respecto al A, B y C, mientras que el grupo E present&oacute; valores significativamente m&aacute;s altos (p&lt; 0,01) que los del D. El TNF &#945; est<FONT FACE="Times New Roman">aba significativamente disminuido (p&lt; 0,001) en los grupos B, C y D con respecto al A. El sTNF &#945; -RI y el sTNF &#945; -RII alcanzaron cifras elevadas en el grupo E (p&lt; 0,001) con respecto a los dem&#945;</FONT>s grupos. El embarazo normal se asocia con aumento del &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico, de los l&iacute;pidos y disminuci&oacute;n del TNF &#945;. En preeclampsia, las cifras de presi&oacute;n arterial elevadas coinciden significativamente con disminuci&oacute;n del &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico y aumento del TNF &#945;<FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> y sus sTNF &#945; -Rs. El comportamiento de la citocina podr&#957;a ser una de </FONT>las causas implicadas en la patolog&iacute;a.</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Palabras clave: Embarazo. Preeclampsia. &Oacute;xido n&iacute;trico. Malondialdeh&iacute;do. Perfil lip&iacute;dico. TNF &#945;<FONT FACE="Times New Roman">, sTNF &#945; -RI, sTNF &#945; -RII.</P> </I></FONT>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">SUMMARY</P> <I>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A multicentrical clinical study was designed with the purpose to measure Nitric oxyde, m<FONT FACE="Times New Roman">alondialdehyde (MDA), lipid profile and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF TNF &#945;) and its receptors p55 and p75 (sTNF TNF &#945; -p55 and sTNF TNF &#945; -p75) in nonpregnant women, normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Blood samples were collected without anticoagulant</FONT> from 15 nonpregnant women, 45 pregnant women for each trimester (groups B, C and D), and 15 with PE. Nitric oxyde was measured by diazotization assay, the malondialdehyde trough barbituric acid reactions, the lipid profile was determined by enzyme assay, T<FONT FACE="Times New Roman">NF TNF &#945; was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and sTNF TNF &#945; -p55 and sTNF TNF &#945; p75 were measured by amplified immunoenzymometric assay. The statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA one way with Tukey post test and unpaired t Student</FONT> test. Nitric oxyde values of group D showed a significant raise (p&lt; 0.001) with respect to A, B and C, while group E registered a significant fall (p&lt; 0.001). The malondialdehyde had similar levels in all groups. Total cholesterol, VLDL and Triglycerids (T<FONT FACE="Times New Roman">G`s) showed tendency to raise during pregnancy, with a significant difference (p&lt; 0.001) between group D and groups A, B and C, Group E showed significant higher values (p&lt; 0.01) than D. The values of TNF &#945; were higher (p&lt; 0.001) in nonpregnant women. sTN</FONT>F<FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945; -p55 and sTNF &#945; -p75 reached higher levels in group E (p&lt; 0.001). We conclude that Nitric oxyde is elevated in normal pregnancy and falls in preeclampsia; malondialdehyde keeps similar levels in pregnancy and preeclampsia; TG`s, total cholesterol, VLDL</FONT> <FONT FACE="Times New Roman">and LDL are raised with development of pregnancy; TNF &#945; is lower in normal pregnant women than nonpregnant women; TG`s, total cholesterol, TNF &#945;, TNF &#945; -p55 and TNF &#945; -p75 are elevated in pregnancy.</P> </FONT>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Key words: Pregnancy. Preeclampsia, Nitric oxyde. Malondi<FONT FACE="Times New Roman">aldehyde. Lipid profile. TNF &#945;. sTNF &#945; -p55. sTNF &#945; -p75.</P> </I></FONT><B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">INTRODUCCI&Oacute;N</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">El embarazo como estado fisiol&oacute;gico ha requerido estudios diversos que involucran varios sistemas org&aacute;nicos. Es mantenido por mecanismos interactivos que ocurren principalmente en la interfase maternofetal en el &aacute;mbito placentario, y participan sustancias como prostaglandina E2, gonadotrofina cori&oacute;nica humana, hormonas esteroideas y vasodilatadores fisiol&oacute;gicos entre otros (1).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">El &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico (ON), es un radical libre inorg&aacute;nico gaseoso, que se origina de la acci&oacute;n de la enzima &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico sintetasa sobre el amino&aacute;cido esencial L-arginina (2,3). A nivel del endotelio vascular, el ON producido por la acci&oacute;n de la &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico sintetasa III, juega un rol central en el mantenimiento de cifras normales de la presi&oacute;n sangu&iacute;nea arterial (2,4,5). Adem&aacute;s, el ON circulante disminuye la agregaci&oacute;n y la adhesi&oacute;n de las plaquetas al endotelio de los vasos (2,6-8).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Durante el embarazo, la elevaci&oacute;n del ON inhibe la contractilidad uterina (9-11) y participa en la vasodilataci&oacute;n uteroplacentaria (3,12). Su producci&oacute;n en el &uacute;tero gr&aacute;vido es favorecido por la presencia de las tres isoformas de la &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico sintetasa, de las cuales la I y la III son estimuladas por la elevaci&oacute;n de los estr&oacute;genos (3,13,14).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">La preeclampsia (PE) se considera un desorden endotelial difuso, que complica un 6-8% de los embarazos (15-17). Dicha entidad se caracteriza por una resistencia vascular aumentada, vasoconstricci&oacute;n, cambios metab&oacute;licos en el ON, l&iacute;pidos y prostaglandinas, adem&aacute;s anomal&iacute;as en la coagulaci&oacute;n (18).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Los estudios realizados en PE, relacionan el aumento de presi&oacute;n arterial y de la agregaci&oacute;n plaquetaria, con la inhibici&oacute;n de la s&iacute;ntesis del ON (3,19); sin embargo, los trastornos de este radical en estudios con humanos son controversiales, ya que se han reportado niveles de nitratos plasm&aacute;ticos con alteraciones o sin ellas, al compararse con los sujetos controles (3,20-23).</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Estudios previos han mostrado niveles elevados de per&oacute;xidos lip&iacute;dicos con el progreso del embarazo normal (24) y anormal (25), lo cual indica cierto grado de estr&eacute;s oxidativo durante la gestaci&oacute;n. Roggensack y col. (22) concluyen que la PE es una enfermedad en la que existe un estr&eacute;s oxidativo aumentado que conlleva a una disfunci&oacute;n endotelial, en la que el ON reacciona con radicales libres de ox&iacute;geno, lo que consume y reduce su efecto vasodilatador. En dicha entidad se han encontrado &aacute;cidos grasos libres aumentados y bloqueo de la &szlig;-oxidaci&oacute;n (26).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">El malondialdeh&iacute;do (MDA) o producto final de la peroxidaci&oacute;n lip&iacute;dica, puede servir como marcador del estr&eacute;s oxidativo y de la injuria tisular mediada por radicales libres de ox&iacute;geno (27,28), sin embargo, su estado en el embarazo a&uacute;n no ha sido establecido con exactitud. </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Por otra parte, el feto se considera un aloinjerto en el &uacute;tero materno, que condiciona una respuesta inmunitaria tipo T2 (29-33). Esto determina cambios que incluyen, adem&aacute;s de la disminuci&oacute;n de la inmunidad mediada por c&eacute;lulas, el incremento de la inmunidad humoral, lo cual se ha evidenciado cl&iacute;nicamente por la remisi&oacute;n temporal de la artritis reumatoide y exacerbaci&oacute;n del lupus eritematoso sist&eacute;mico durante la gestaci&oacute;n (33).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">La aparici&oacute;n com&uacute;n de la PE en las primigestas, su riesgo incrementado con una nueva pareja y reducido cuando la actividad sexual previa tiene mayor duraci&oacute;n, sugieren un mecanismo inmunitario como posible responsable de las alteraciones en la placentaci&oacute;n (19).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Las alteraciones metab&oacute;licas que se describen para PE pudieran explicarse por modificaciones de los patrones normales de producci&oacute;n de citocinas (C) en el embarazo, con una desviaci&oacute;n hacia el patr&oacute;n tipo 1, como son IL-2, INF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> y TNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> (34-36). Existe controversia al respecto; Kupferminc (37) y otros autores (38-41) reportan elevaci&oacute;n del TNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> mientras Schiff y col. (42) no han encontrado diferencias con relaci&oacute;n a pacientes normotensas.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Los receptores para TNF&#61537; (TNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> -Rs) son el tipo I (TNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> -RI) y el tipo II (TNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> -RII), y representan mol&eacute;culas proteicas de la superficie celular. La liberaci&oacute;n de su dominio extracelular, posactivaci&oacute;n de los linfocitos T, origina los TNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> -Rs solubles (sTNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> -Rs), que se encuentran presentes en la orina, el plasma y en los sobrenadantes de los cultivos celulares estimulados. Estas formas solubles se unen al TNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> para antagonizar y controlar los efectos da&ntilde;inos tisulares que produce la C al incrementar sus concentraciones (43).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Se ha reportado el aumento del TNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> y de per&oacute;xidos lip&iacute;dicos en PE, acompa&ntilde;ado de una reducci&oacute;n de los antioxidantes placentarios (24). Tambi&eacute;n se ha implicado la presencia de un alelo espec&iacute;fico del TNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT>, el TNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> 1, como posible participante de la susceptibilidad gen&eacute;tica ante la enfermedad (1).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Por todo lo expresado, se decidi&oacute; estudiar el ON, el MDA, el perfil lip&iacute;dico y los niveles s&eacute;ricos de TNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> y sus receptores solubles en pacientes no embarazadas, gestantes normales y con PE, para ampliar los conocimientos sobre el metabolismo normal del embarazo y crear fundamentos para dilucidar los cambios fisiopatol&oacute;gicos de la PE y de esta forma avanzar en lo referente al diagn&oacute;stico, pron&oacute;stico y tratamiento de esta entidad.</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">SUJETOS Y M&Eacute;TODOS</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Se estudiaron en forma prospectiva y anal&iacute;tica a 75 mujeres divididas en cinco grupos de 15 integrantes cada uno: el grupo A conformado por mujeres sin embarazo, los grupos B, C y D por gestantes normales del primero, segundo y tercer trimestre respectivamente y el grupo E por embarazadas en el tercer trimestre con PE. Se utilizaron los criterios descritos por Davey y MacGillivray (44), para definir la PE. Las pacientes fueron seleccionadas en el &aacute;rea de admisi&oacute;n, en la consulta ginecol&oacute;gica y prenatal de la Maternidad "Dr. Armando Castillo Plaza" y del Hospital "Dr. Manuel Noriega Trigo".</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A toda mujer en estudio se le extrajeron 25 ml de sangre venosa perif&eacute;rica en tubos sin anticoagulante, se separ&oacute; el suero por centrifugaci&oacute;n a 1 000 g durante 10 minutos. Posteriormente se repartieron en al&iacute;cuotas colocadas en tubos pl&aacute;sticos, las cuales fueron almacenadas a -70ºC, y permanecieron all&iacute; hasta su an&aacute;lisis.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">El ON se determin&oacute; por medio de su producto de degradaci&oacute;n, el &oacute;xido nitroso, a trav&eacute;s del ensayo de diazotizaci&oacute;n. El MDA se determin&oacute; utilizando la formaci&oacute;n de compuestos con el &aacute;cido tiobarbit&uacute;rico. Las determinaciones de triglic&eacute;ridos (TG´s), HDL colesterol y colesterol total se realizaron mediante m&eacute;todos enzim&aacute;ticos colorim&eacute;tricos (Human). Las valoraciones de las VLDL y las LDL se ejecutaron a trav&eacute;s de la ecuaci&oacute;n de Friedwald. Como valores referenciales se tomaron los siguientes: colesterol total: 140-200 mg/dl, TG’s &lt; 150 mg/dl y HDL &gt; 55 mg/dl.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Para la determinaci&oacute;n del TNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> se utiliz&oacute; un kit de an&aacute;lisis inmunoenzim&aacute;tico de doble anticuerpo (ELISA sandwich). La sensibilidad del mismo fue &lt; 1,7 pg/ml, con una precisi&oacute;n interan&aacute;lisis &lt; 8,5% e intraan&aacute;lisis &lt; 5,2%. Con relaci&oacute;n a la determinaci&oacute;n de los sTNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> -Rs, se utiliz&oacute; un an&aacute;lisis inmunoenzim&aacute;tico de sensibilidad amplificada (EASIA). La precisi&oacute;n intraan&aacute;lisis e interan&aacute;lisis para el sTNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> -RI fue de &lt; 6,5% y &lt; 8,9 % respectivamente. Para el sTNF<I><FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> &#945;</I></FONT> -RII los valores correspondientes fueron &lt; 1,7% y &lt; 5,7%. </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Los valores obtenidos se presentan como media ± error est&aacute;ndar (X ± EE). El an&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;stico se realiz&oacute; mediante el test de ANOVA con post test de Tukey y con la prueba t de Student seg&uacute;n correspondiese (45). Se tom&oacute; el 95% como &iacute;ndice de confiabilidad estad&iacute;stica (p&lt; 0,05).</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">RESULTADOS</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Las pacientes del grupo E presentaron niveles de presi&oacute;n sangu&iacute;nea arterial significativamente elevados con respecto al resto de los grupos. Por otra parte, la media de la proteinuria en PE fue de 1,97 ± 2,44 g/l en muestra ocasional; los restantes grupos no ten&iacute;an niveles cuantificables (<a href="#cua1">Cuadro 1</a>).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">El ON present&oacute; disminuci&oacute;n no significativa en el primer trimestre del embarazo, con aumento progresivo a medida que &eacute;ste evoluciona y con significaci&oacute;n estad&iacute;stica en el tercer trimestre (p&lt; 0,001). Al comparar los grupos D y E, se observ&oacute; un descenso importante de los niveles de ON en la PE (p&lt; 0,001) (<a href="#cua2">Cuadro 2</a>).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Se verific&oacute; una disminuci&oacute;n estad&iacute;sticamente significativa (p&lt; 0,001) de los valores del TNF&#945; durante todos los trimestres del embarazo al compararlos con los de las mujeres no gestantes. Por otra parte el an&aacute;lisis mediante la t de Student de las pacientes con PE, revel&oacute; un au<FONT FACE="Times New Roman">mento significativo del TNF&#945;&#61472;(p&lt; 0,01) con respecto a sus controles del tercer trimestre.</P> </FONT><a name="cua1"></a>    <P ALIGN="CENTER">Cuadro 1</P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER">Caracter&iacute;sticas de los grupos estudiados</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div align="center">       <center> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLSPACING=2 BORDERCOLOR="#008000" CELLPADDING=4 WIDTH=598> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Grupos</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">B</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">C</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">E</TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Edad (a&ntilde;os)</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">23,93 ± 4.30</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">20,10 ± 5,72</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">21,07 ± 4,42</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">24,93 ± 6,70</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">22,33 ± 4,98</TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Edad de gestaci&oacute;n (semanas)</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">---</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">11,90 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">3.38 c d e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">23,33 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">4,35 b d e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">34,68 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">4,18 b c</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">36,30 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">3,16 b c</TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Presi&oacute;n arterial sist&oacute;lica (mmHg)</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">107,30 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">10,33 e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">102,00 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">6,33 e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">107,00 ±</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">13,07 e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">103,70 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">7,67e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">155,30 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">22,56</TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Presi&oacute;n arterial diast&oacute;lica (mmHg)</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">70,00 ± </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">8,45 e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">69,00 ± </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">11,97</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">68,00 ± </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">8,62 e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">67,33 ± </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">7,99 e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">106,70 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">10,47</TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Proteinuria (g/l)</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ND</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ND</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ND</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ND</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1,97 + 2,44</TD> </TR> </TABLE>    </center> </div>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Los datos se expresan como la media ± desviaci&oacute;n est&aacute;ndar</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">b p&lt; 0,001 diferencia significativa con grupo B</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">c p&lt; 0,001 diferencia significativa con grupo C</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">d p&lt; 0,001 diferencia significativa con grupo D</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">e p&lt; 0,001 diferencia significativa con grupo E</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ND no detectable</P> <a name="cua2"></a>     <P ALIGN="CENTER">Cuadro 2</P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER">Concentraciones s&eacute;ricas de ON, TNF, TNF RI y TNF RII</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div align="center">       <center> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLSPACING=2 BORDERCOLOR="#008000" CELLPADDING=4 WIDTH=598> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Grupos</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">B</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">C</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">E</TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">ON (nmol/ml)</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">14,72 ±</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2,18 d e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">5,62 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1,54 d e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">16,28 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">8,43 d e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">105,60 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">4,21 a b c e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">6,54 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">3,44 a b c d</TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">TNF&#61537; (pg/ml)</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">64,51 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">13,16</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">17,76 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2,76 a</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">19,11 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2,34 a</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">7,07 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1,63 a</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">16,43 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2,92</TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">sTNF&#61537;-RI (ng/ml)</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1,69 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">0,19 e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1,58 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">0,11 e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1,77 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">0,32 e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2,69 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">0,17 e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">5,18 ±</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">0,54 h</TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">sTNF&#61537;&#61472;RII (ng/ml)</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">5,00 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">0,59 e</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">7,38 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1,05</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">5,43 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">0,68 f</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">5,94 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">0,27 f</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">9,02 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">0,66 i</TD> </TR> </TABLE>    </center> </div>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Los datos se expresan como la media ± error est&aacute;ndar</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">a p&lt; 0,001 diferencia significativa con grupo A&#9;&#9;</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">f p&lt; 0,01 diferencia significativa con grupo E</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">b p&lt; 0,001 diferencia significativa con grupo B&#9;&#9;</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">g p&lt; 0,01 prueba t: diferencia significativa entre D y E</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">c p&lt; 0,001 diferencia significativa con grupo C&#9;&#9;</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">h p&lt; 0,0001 prueba t: diferencia significativa entre D y E</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">d p&lt; 0,001 diferencia significativa con grupo D&#9;&#9;</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">i p&lt; 0,0005 prueba t: diferencia significativa entre D y E</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">e p&lt; 0,001 diferencia significativa con grupo E</P> <FONT FACE="Times New Roman">    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Con respecto al sTNF&#945;-RI, en PE, hubo un aumento significativo de este receptor, al comparar sus valores con lo observado en las no embarazadas, primero y segundo trimestre (p&lt; 0,001) y el tercer trimestre (p&lt; 0,0001). Mientras que para el sTNF&#945;-RII destaca la elevaci&#963;</FONT>n significativa (p&lt; 0,0005) de este receptor en las pacientes con PE con respecto al grupo D (<a href="#cua2">Cuadro 2</a>).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Los valores de MDA sufrieron discretas variaciones no significantes durante los diferentes trimestres de la gestaci&oacute;n, al compararlos con la mujeres sin embarazo y con PE. Los TG’s mostraron niveles elevados en el segundo trimestre, que fueron estad&iacute;sticamente significantes con relaci&oacute;n a las mujeres no embarazadas (p&lt; 0,01) y del primer trimestre (p&lt; 0,05). Para el tercer trimestre, igualmente hubo una diferencia significativa (p&lt; 0,001) al compararse con las mujeres no embarazadas y del primer trimestre. Los valores del grupo E, verificaron una elevaci&oacute;n significante con respecto a los grupos A, B, C (p&lt; 0,001), y D (p&lt; 0,05) (<a href="#cua3">Cuadro 3</a>).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">El valor de colesterol del grupo C mostr&oacute; una elevaci&oacute;n significante con respecto al grupo A (p&lt; 0,01) y junto al grupo D al compararse con el grupo B present&oacute; una diferencia significante con p&lt; 0,05 y p&lt; 0,01 respectivamente. Las gestantes con PE, alcanzaron valores elevados al compararse con mujeres no embarazadas (p&lt; 0,001) y gestantes normales del primer trimestre (p&lt; 0,01).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Al analizar las fracciones de lipoprote&iacute;nas, se mantiene la tendencia a la elevaci&oacute;n en las VLDL y LDL, siendo la primera significativa (p&lt;0,001) en el grupo D, con respecto a los grupos A y B. En PE, las VLDL estuvieron por encima de los grupos A, B y C con una p&lt; 0,001. Los niveles de HDL durante todo el embarazo se mantuvieron en el rango de la mujer no embarazada.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Al aplicar la prueba de correlaci&oacute;n de Pearson se observ&oacute; una correlaci&oacute;n negativa significante entre los niveles de ON y la presi&oacute;n sangu&iacute;nea arterial (<a href="#fig1">Figura 1</a>). As&iacute; como una asociaci&oacute;n positiva significante entre los TG´s y el colesterol con las VLDL (r: 0,99; p&lt; 0,0001 y r: 0,66; p&lt; 0,0001) y las LDL (r: 0,40; p&lt; 0,001 y r:0,91; p&lt; 0,0001).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Los resultados de esta misma prueba, mostraron que existe correlaci&oacute;n positiva significante (r: 0,5495 y r: 0,7066; p&lt;0,001) entre los sTNF&#61537;-RI y RII y las tensiones arteriales sist&oacute;lica y diast&oacute;lica (<a href="#fig2">Figuras 2</a>,<a href="#fig3">3</a>).</P> <a name="cua3"></a>     <P ALIGN="CENTER">Cuadro 3</P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER">Concentraciones s&eacute;ricas de MDA, TG´s, colesterol, VLDL, LDL y HDL</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div align="center">       <center> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLSPACING=2 BORDERCOLOR="#008000" CELLPADDING=4 WIDTH=598> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Grupos</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">A</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">B</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">C</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">D</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">E</TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">MDA (umol/L)</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2,27 +</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">0,14</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2,70 +</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">0,31</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2,05 +</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">0,32</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1,99 +</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">0,37</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2,68 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">0,46</TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">TG´s (mg/dl)</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">93,15 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">12,71</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">109,90 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">13,38</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">173,40 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">15,30 e f</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">222,60 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">15,82 a b</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">268,60 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">12,11 a b c g</TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Colesterol total (mg/dl)</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">192,50 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">9,71</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">197,40 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">10,82</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">240,70 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">10,23 e f</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">246,40 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">8,95 e d</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">254,4 ±</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">8,16 a d</TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">VLDL (mg/dl)</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">19,62 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2,31</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">21,90 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2,66</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">34,67 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">3,05 e f</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">44,47 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">3,18 a b</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">52,92 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2,48 a b c</TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">LDL (mg/dl)</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">124,20 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">8,40</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">124,70 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">8,93</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">150,50 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">8,35</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">150,70 ±</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">7,73</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">152,10 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">8,97</TD> </TR> <TR><TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">HDL (mg/dl)</TD> <TD WIDTH="16%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">48,69 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2,90</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">50,50 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">3,64</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">55,80 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">2,59</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">51,20 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1,93</TD> <TD WIDTH="17%" VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">50,46 ±</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">3,56</TD> </TR> </TABLE>    </center> </div>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Los datos se expresan como la media ± error est&aacute;ndar</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">a p&lt; 0,001 diferencia significativa con grupo A&#9;&#9;</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">e p&lt; 0,01 diferencia significativa con grupo A&#9;</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">b p&lt; 0,001 diferencia significativa con grupo B&#9;&#9;</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">f p&lt; 0,05 diferencia significativa con grupo B</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">c p&lt; 0,001 diferencia significativa con grupo C&#9;&#9;</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">g p&lt; 0,05 prueba t: diferencia significativa entre D y E</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">d p&lt; 0,01 diferencia significativa con grupo B</P> <a name="fig1"></a>     <P ALIGN="center"><IMG SRC="/img/fbpe/gmc/v109n3/art8img1.gif" WIDTH=300 HEIGHT=168></P>     
<P ALIGN="CENTER">Figura 1. Correlaci&oacute;n entre ON y PAS-PAD.</P> <a name="fig2"></a>     <P ALIGN="center"><IMG SRC="/img/fbpe/gmc/v109n3/art8img2.gif" WIDTH=300 HEIGHT=195></P>     
<P ALIGN="CENTER">Figura 2. Correlaci&oacute;n entre sTNF &#945; RI y PAS-PAD.</P> <a name="fig3"></a>     <P ALIGN="center"><IMG SRC="/img/fbpe/gmc/v109n3/art8img3.gif" WIDTH=300 HEIGHT=189></P>     
<P ALIGN="CENTER">Figura 3. Correlaci&oacute;n entre <FONT FACE="Times New Roman">sTNF&#945; RII y PAS-PAD.</P> </FONT><B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">DISCUSI&Oacute;N</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">El embarazo induce diversos cambios en el metabolismo celular, y puede incluso aumentar en algunas circunstancias la producci&oacute;n de radicales libres, tanto de ox&iacute;geno como relacionados con el nitr&oacute;geno. En condiciones normales este proceso es regulado por diversos mecanismos donde participan el glutati&oacute;n, el &oacute;xido n&iacute;trico y el sistema de la super&oacute;xido dismutasa entre otros (2).</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Los resultados de la presente investigaci&oacute;n demuestran una elevaci&oacute;n significativa del ON en el embarazo, espec&iacute;ficamente en el tercer trimestre, con respecto a las mujeres no embarazadas. Este comportamiento es el responsable de la relajaci&oacute;n uterina a trav&eacute;s de la v&iacute;a metab&oacute;lica ON-GMPc que permite el desarrollo y el mantenimiento de la gestaci&oacute;n (2,12), por otra parte tambi&eacute;n determina la disminuci&oacute;n fisiol&oacute;gica de las cifras de presi&oacute;n sangu&iacute;nea arterial descrita para este estado, confirmado ante la correlaci&oacute;n negativa significante entre ambas (2,3,9).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">La disminuci&oacute;n significativa de los niveles de ON, en las gestantes complicadas con PE de este estudio, respecto a las embarazadas normales del tercer trimestre, ha sido reportado por otros autores (3,11,19,23,46,47). Aunado a la correlaci&oacute;n negativa significante entre el ON y la presi&oacute;n sangu&iacute;nea arterial, indica que la ca&iacute;da de los niveles de esta mol&eacute;cula ser&iacute;a uno de los factores condicionantes de la aparici&oacute;n de la hipertensi&oacute;n arterial en la PE.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">L&oacute;pez-Jaramillo (48) ha reportado un aumento del nitrato en mujeres embarazadas con PE, indicador de las concentraciones elevadas del ON. Sin embargo, detect&oacute; niveles bajos de GMPc, por lo cual se deduce la inactivaci&oacute;n del ON antes de lograr sus efectos biol&oacute;gicos.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">La presente investigaci&oacute;n revel&oacute; que los valores del MDA no sufrieron variaciones significantes durante la evoluci&oacute;n del embarazo, se mantienen en niveles entre 1,99 y 2,70 µmol/l, lo que indica que los mecanismos compensadores fueron, en esta muestra, suficientes para impedir la peroxidaci&oacute;n lip&iacute;dica, de manera similar a la mujer no embarazada. Los datos de este estudio permiten establecer valores referenciales, ya que no se hab&iacute;an medido con anterioridad. En la PE los niveles de MDA, se mantuvieron dentro de los l&iacute;mites obtenidos en el embarazo normal, por lo cual se infiere que no se present&oacute; incremento de la peroxidaci&oacute;n lip&iacute;dica debido a que funcionaron los mecanismos de eliminaci&oacute;n de los per&oacute;xidos. Por otra parte su correlaci&oacute;n positiva con el colesterol y las LDL, demuestra su dependencia del metabolismo lip&iacute;dico. </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Con respecto a los l&iacute;pidos, se detect&oacute; aumento en los niveles de TG’s, colesterol y VLDL durante la evoluci&oacute;n del embarazo normal. Este incremento de l&iacute;pidos aporta a la madre una fuente energ&eacute;tica valiosa, tanto para el mantenimiento de su metabolismo basal, como para favorecer el desarrollo del producto, quien necesitar&aacute; de fuentes lip&iacute;dicas para la construcci&oacute;n de sus membranas celulares.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">En la PE se observ&oacute; un aumento significativo en los niveles s&eacute;ricos de TG’s y colesterol total, lo cual supone una exacerbaci&oacute;n de la s&iacute;ntesis de TG’s intrahep&aacute;ticos, con aumento en la producci&oacute;n de VLDL. Sattar (26) describe en PE que la &szlig;-oxidaci&oacute;n y la lip&oacute;lisis de VLDL est&aacute;n afectadas, lo que determina dep&oacute;sito de los TG´s en los hepatocitos. La correlaci&oacute;n entre TG´s y colesterol total con VLDL y LDL es ampliamente conocida, y se explica porque los primeros forman parte de las segundas.</P> <FONT FACE="Times New Roman">    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">El TNF &#945; ha sido involucrado como una de las principales C en la inmunolog&#957;</FONT>a del embarazo, describi&eacute;ndose un aumento en el segundo trimestre, y luego una disminuci&oacute;n en el tercer trimestre, tanto de la C como de su sTNF &#945;<FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> -RII (49). Se cree que el TNF &#945; juega un papel importante en la limitaci&#963;</FONT>n de la invasi&oacute;n del trofoblasto en los vasos sangu&iacute;neos de la decidua materna, que modula su crecimiento y controla el desarrollo placentario; promueve la adaptaci&oacute;n de la madre al aloinjerto fetal (1,37,50).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">En este estudio se encontr&oacute; que las cifras circulantes de TNF &#945; variaban entre los distintos grupos. Al iniciarse el embarazo, se verific&oacute; una ca&iacute;da significativa de los niveles s&eacute;ricos, como era de esperar, en virtud de tener esta C cierto efecto nocivo sobre el embarazo. Durante el mismo, se observ&oacute; un aumento discreto en el segundo trimestre, el cual se cree controla el crecimiento placentario; por &uacute;ltimo en el tercer trimestre se evidenciaron los niveles m&aacute;s bajos. Estos hallazgos son similares a los descritos en la literatura (38,49,51,52) y favorecen el desarrollo de la gestaci&oacute;n. En el grupo con PE, se encontraron niveles significativamente elevados de TNF &#945; con respecto a sus controles no complicados, lo cual confirma lo establecido en reportes anteriores (1,23,35,53-55).</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Austgulen y col. (56) han demostrado, que s&oacute;lo cantidades elevadas del TNF &#945;, liberadas en condiciones patol&oacute;gicas pueden incrementar la liberaci&oacute;n de la forma soluble de sus receptores; estos resultados coinciden con el presente estudio, donde los niveles s&eacute;ricos de los sTNF &#945; Rs durante el embarazo se mantienen dentro de los valores de las mujeres no embarazadas; sin embargo, el grupo con PE presenta valores significativamente altos en comparaci&oacute;n con todos los grupos, debido a una elevada actividad del TNF &#945;. Se verific&oacute; la correlaci&oacute;n positiva entre el TNF &#945;<FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> y sus sTNF &#945; -Rs, manteni&#953;</FONT>ndose la asociaci&oacute;n entre sus niveles durante el embarazo, y<FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> aumentando los sTNF &#945; -Rs en PE, como mecanismo de respuesta ante la elevaci&#963;</FONT>n patol&oacute;gica de la C.</P> <FONT FACE="Times New Roman">    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">El TNF &#945; se encuentra elevado en PE, lo cual es un hallazgo importante en virtud de su participaci&#963;</FONT>n en el da&ntilde;o y disfunci&oacute;n endotelial y otras alteraciones metab&oacute;licas, que coinciden con la liberaci&oacute;n aumentada de los sTNF &#945; -Rs, por lo cual estos pudieran ser considerados marcadores biol&oacute;gicos de la actividad de esta C.</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Puede concluirse que estos cambios metab&oacute;licos en PE son condicionados por la misma fuente fisiopatol&oacute;gica, la cual, indudablemente se trata de una alteraci&oacute;n de la respuesta inmunitaria ante el producto de la gestaci&oacute;n y su efecto sobre la producci&oacute;n del TNF &#945;, el que se constituye en el foco de todos estos hallazgos, confirmado por el hecho<FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> de que el TNF &#945; inestabiliza la &#963;</FONT>xido n&iacute;trico sintetasa III (57), es responsable de la disminuci&oacute;n del ON y con ello de la elevaci&oacute;n de la presi&oacute;n sangu&iacute;nea arterial.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Finalmente, ser&iacute;a interesante realizar estudios longitudinales que incluyan la determinaci&oacute;n del TNF &#945;<FONT FACE="Times New Roman"> y sus sTNF &#945; -Rs en pacientes de alto riesgo para la PE, desde el inicio y hasta la culminaci&#963;</FONT>n del embarazo, y adem&aacute;s estudiar mecanismos de oxidaci&oacute;n-antioxidaci&oacute;n y del metabolismo lip&iacute;dico en gestantes normales y con PE, en los cuales se incluya la determinaci&oacute;n de vitamina C, glutati&oacute;n, &aacute;cidos grasos libres, LDL oxidada, tocoferol, estr&oacute;genos y progesterona.</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">REFERENCIAS</P> </B>    <!-- ref --><P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">1. 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