<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0378-1844</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Interciencia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[INCI]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0378-1844</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ASOCIACIÓN INTERCIENCIA]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0378-18442008000600005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Evidencias de la transmisión acuática de Helicobacter Pylori]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Evidences of aquatic transmission of Helicobacter Pylori]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Evidências da transmisão aquática de Helicobacter Pylori]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-Delgado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Milagro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Contreras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mónica]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Amado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María Alexandra]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Michelangeli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fabián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Paula]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A05"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Simón Bolívar  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sartenejas ]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A05">
<institution><![CDATA[,USB  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<fpage>412</fpage>
<lpage>417</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0378-18442008000600005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0378-18442008000600005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0378-18442008000600005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori es agente causal de gastritis y úlcera duodenal y juega un rol importante en el desarrollo del cáncer gástrico. Más de la mitad de la población mundial está infectada con este microorganismo, considerándose en la actualidad uno de los patógenos humanos de mayor importancia. En vista de la incertidumbre existente acerca de su transmisión ambiental y a la dificultad de su detección en fuentes no humanas, en este trabajo se realiza una revisión acerca de la presencia de H. pylori en distintas fuentes de agua y sus estrategias de supervivencia en ambientes acuáticos. Estudios epidemiológicos han establecido que el agua contaminada con materia fecal es una fuente de infección, principalmente en países en vías de desarrollo. Diferentes métodos han sido evaluados para su detección en muestras de agua. Se han desarrollado técnicas basadas en el cultivo en medios selectivos, inmunofluorescencia, hibridación in situ por fluorescencia y PCR. A pesar del éxito obtenido con algunos de estos métodos, hasta el presente no existe un procedimiento estándar para la detección de este microorganismo en el agua. La formación de biopelículas y la persistencia bajo el estado viable no cultivable (VNC) en el agua han sido propuestas como estrategias de supervivencia de H. pylori en el ambiente. Futuros trabajos deberían dirigirse a optimizar la detección de H. pylori en muestras ambientales para esclarecer la vía de transmisión asociada al medio acuático.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori is a causing agent of gastritis and duodenal ulcer, and plays an important role in the etiology of stomach cancer. This organism infects over one half of the world population and it is currently considered as one of the most important human pathogens. In view of the existing uncertainty about its transmission from the environment and the difficulty of detecting it in non-human sources, a review is made in the present paper about the presence of H. pylori in different water sources and its survival strategies in aquatic environments. Epidemiological studies have established that, mainly in developing countries, water contaminated with feces is a source of infection. Different methods for detection in water have been evaluated. Techniques have been developed based on culture in selective media, immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization by fluorescence and PCR. Despite the success obtained with some of these methods, to date no standard procedure exists for the detection of this microorganism in water. Bio-film formation and the persistence in a viable non-cultivable (VNC) state in water have been proposed as survival strategies of H. pylori in the environment. Future work should focus on optimizing the detection of H. pylori in environmental samples so as to clarify the transmission path associated with the aquatic medium.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori é agente causal de gastrite e úlcera duodenal, e tem um papel importante no desenvolvimento do câncer gástrico. Mais da metade da população mundial está infectada com este microorganismo, considerando-se na atualidade um dos patógenos humanos de maior importância. Em vista da incertidumbre existente sobre sua transmissão ambiental e a dificuldade de sua detecção em fontes não humanas, neste trabalho se realiza uma revisão sobre a presença de H. pylori em distintas fontes de água e suas estratégias de sobrevivência em ambientes aquáticos. Estudos epidemiológicos têm estabelecido que a água contaminada com matéria fecal é uma fonte de infecção, principalmente em países em vias de desenvolvimento. Diferentes métodos têm sido avaliados para sua detecção em amostras de água. Tem-se desenvolvido técnicas baseadas no cultivo em meios seletivos, imunofluorescência, hibridização in situ por fluorescência e PCR. A pesar do sucesso obtido com alguns destes métodos, até o presente não existe um procedimento estándar para a detecção de este microorganismo na água. A formação de biopelículas e a persistência sob o estado viável não cultivável (VNC) na água tem sido propostas como estratégias de sobrevivência de H. pylori no ambiente. Futuros trabalhos deveriam dirigir-se a aperfeiçoar a detecção de H. pylori em amostras ambientais para esclarecer a via de transmissão associada ao meio aquático.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Biopelículas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Estado VNC]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Técnicas de Detección]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Transmisión Acuática]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[   <B>     <p align="center" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center"><font face="Verdana"><font size="3">Evidencias de la transmisión acuática de </font><i><font size="3">Helicobacter Pylori</font></i></font></p>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="center"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Milagro Fern&aacute;ndez-Delgado <sup>1</sup>, M&oacute;nica Contreras <sup>2</sup>, Mar&iacute;a Alexandra Garc&iacute;a-Amado <sup>3</sup>, Fabi&aacute;n Michelangeli <sup>4</sup> y Paula Su&aacute;rez <sup>5</sup></font></P> </B>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><sup>1</sup> Licenciada en Bioan&aacute;lisis, Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela. Estudiante de Doctorado, Universidad Sim&oacute;n Bol&iacute;var, (USB) Sartenejas, Venezuela. e-mail: milagro.fernandez@gmail.com</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><sup>2 </sup>Doctora en Microbiolog&iacute;a General, Universit&eacute; de Paris XI, Par&iacute;s, Francia. Investigadora, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cient&iacute;ficas (IVIC), Venezuela. e-mail: mocontre@ivic.ve</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><sup>3 </sup>Doctora en Ciencias Biol&oacute;gicas, USB, Venezuela. Investigadora, IVIC, Venezuela. e-mail: magarcia@ivic.ve</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><sup>4 </sup>Doctor en Fisiolog&iacute;a, University of California, San Francisco, EEUU. Investigador, IVIC, Venezuela. e-mail: fabian@ivic.ve</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><sup>5 </sup>Doctora en Ciencias Biol&oacute;gicas, USB, Venezuela. Profesora, USB, Venezuela. Direcci&oacute;n: Departamento de Biolog&iacute;a de Organismos, USB, Caracas 1080, Venezuela. e-mail: psuarez@usb.ve.</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMEN</b></font></P>      <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Helicobacter pylori es agente causal de gastritis y &uacute;lcera duodenal y juega un rol importante en el desarrollo del c&aacute;ncer g&aacute;strico. M&aacute;s de la mitad de la poblaci&oacute;n mundial est&aacute; infectada con este microorganismo, consider&aacute;ndose en la actualidad uno de los pat&oacute;genos humanos de mayor importancia. En vista de la incertidumbre existente acerca de su transmisi&oacute;n ambiental y a la dificultad de su detecci&oacute;n en fuentes no humanas, en este trabajo se realiza una revisi&oacute;n acerca de la presencia de H. pylori en distintas fuentes de agua y sus estrategias de supervivencia en ambientes acu&aacute;ticos. Estudios epidemiol&oacute;gicos han establecido que el agua contaminada con materia fecal es una fuente de infecci&oacute;n, principalmente en pa&iacute;ses en v&iacute;as de desarrollo. Diferentes m&eacute;todos han sido evaluados para su detecci&oacute;n en muestras de agua. Se han desarrollado t&eacute;cnicas basadas en el cultivo en medios selectivos, inmunofluorescencia, hibridaci&oacute;n in situ por fluorescencia y PCR. A pesar del &eacute;xito obtenido con algunos de estos m&eacute;todos, hasta el presente no existe un procedimiento est&aacute;ndar para la detecci&oacute;n de este microorganismo en el agua. La formaci&oacute;n de biopel&iacute;culas y la persistencia bajo el estado viable no cultivable (VNC) en el agua han sido propuestas como estrategias de supervivencia de H. pylori en el ambiente. Futuros trabajos deber&iacute;an dirigirse a optimizar la detecci&oacute;n de H. pylori en muestras ambientales para esclarecer la v&iacute;a de transmisi&oacute;n asociada al medio acu&aacute;tico.</font></P>  <B>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">PALABRAS CLAVE / Biopel&iacute;culas / Estado VNC / </font> </B><font size="2" face="Verdana"><I>Helicobacter pylori</I></font><B> <font face="Verdana" size="2"> / T&eacute;cnicas de Detecci&oacute;n / Transmisi&oacute;n Acu&aacute;tica /</font></P> </B>      <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-US" lang="EN-US">E</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Verdana;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">vidences of aquatic transmission of <i>Helicobacter Pylori</i></span></b></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>SUMMARY</b></font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Helicobacter pylori is a causing agent of gastritis and duodenal ulcer, and plays an important role in the etiology of stomach cancer. This organism infects over one half of the world population and it is currently considered as one of the most important human pathogens. In view of the existing uncertainty about its transmission from the environment and the difficulty of detecting it in non-human sources, a review is made in the present paper about the presence of H. pylori in different water sources and its survival strategies in aquatic environments. Epidemiological studies have established that, mainly in developing countries, water contaminated with feces is a source of infection. Different methods for detection in water have been evaluated. Techniques have been developed based on culture in selective media, immunofluorescence, in situ hybridization by fluorescence and PCR. Despite the success obtained with some of these methods, to date no standard procedure exists for the detection of this microorganism in water. Bio-film formation and the persistence in a viable non-cultivable (VNC) state in water have been proposed as survival strategies of H. pylori in the environment. Future work should focus on optimizing the detection of H. pylori in environmental samples so as to clarify the transmission path associated with the aquatic medium.</font></P>      <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="center"><b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: Verdana">E</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;font-family:Verdana">vidências da transmisão aquática de <i>Helicobacter Pylori</i></span></b></P>      <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>RESUMO</b></font></P>      <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Helicobacter pylori &eacute; agente causal de gastrite e &uacute;lcera duodenal, e tem um papel importante no desenvolvimento do c&acirc;ncer g&aacute;strico. Mais da metade da popula&ccedil;&atilde;o mundial est&aacute; infectada com este microorganismo, considerando-se na atualidade um dos pat&oacute;genos humanos de maior import&acirc;ncia. Em vista da incertidumbre existente sobre sua transmiss&atilde;o ambiental e a dificuldade de sua detec&ccedil;&atilde;o em fontes n&atilde;o humanas, neste trabalho se realiza uma revis&atilde;o sobre a presen&ccedil;a de H. pylori em distintas fontes de &aacute;gua e suas estrat&eacute;gias de sobreviv&ecirc;ncia em ambientes aqu&aacute;ticos. Estudos epidemiol&oacute;gicos t&ecirc;m estabelecido que a &aacute;gua contaminada com mat&eacute;ria fecal &eacute; uma fonte de infec&ccedil;&atilde;o, principalmente em pa&iacute;ses em vias de desenvolvimento. Diferentes m&eacute;todos t&ecirc;m sido avaliados para sua detec&ccedil;&atilde;o em amostras de &aacute;gua. Tem-se desenvolvido t&eacute;cnicas baseadas no cultivo em meios seletivos, imunofluoresc&ecirc;ncia, hibridiza&ccedil;&atilde;o in situ por fluoresc&ecirc;ncia e PCR. A pesar do sucesso obtido com alguns destes m&eacute;todos, at&eacute; o presente n&atilde;o existe um procedimento est&aacute;ndar para a detec&ccedil;&atilde;o de este microorganismo na &aacute;gua. A forma&ccedil;&atilde;o de biopel&iacute;culas e a persist&ecirc;ncia sob o estado vi&aacute;vel n&atilde;o cultiv&aacute;vel (VNC) na &aacute;gua tem sido propostas como estrat&eacute;gias de sobreviv&ecirc;ncia de H. pylori no ambiente. Futuros trabalhos deveriam dirigir-se a aperfei&ccedil;oar a detec&ccedil;&atilde;o de H. pylori em amostras ambientais para esclarecer a via de transmiss&atilde;o associada ao meio aqu&aacute;tico</font> </P>      <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><FONT SIZE=2><font face="Verdana" size="2"><b>Recibido: </b> 16/08/2007. <b> Modificado:</b> 02/05/2008. <b> Aceptado:</b> 05/05/2008.</font> </P>  </FONT><I>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Helicobacter pylori</font></I> <font face="Verdana" size="2"> es una bacteria pat&oacute;gena que coloniza el est&oacute;mago de la mayor&iacute;a de los humanos. M&aacute;s del 50% de la poblaci&oacute;n mundial se encuentra infectada, con proporciones superiores a 90% en pa&iacute;ses en v&iacute;as de desarrollo, donde la mayor&iacute;a de los casos son asintom&aacute;ticos (Frenck y Clemens, 2003). La infecci&oacute;n por <I>H. pylori</I> se puede adquirir durante la infancia, siendo mayor su prevalencia en grupos familiares grandes con alto hacinamiento y bajos niveles socioecon&oacute;micos y educacionales (Parsonnet, 1995; Malaty <I>et al</I>., 2002). En la actualidad, es considerada la causa m&aacute;s com&uacute;n de gastritis, &uacute;lceras g&aacute;stricas y duodenales, adenocarcinoma y linfoma g&aacute;stricos (Marshall <I>et al</I>., 1985; Blaser, 1990; Forman <I>et al</I>., 1991; Parsonnet <I>et al</I>., 1994). La habilidad de este microorganismo para causar enfermedad puede depender de la virulencia de la cepa infectante, la gen&eacute;tica del hospedador y de factores ambientales (Clyne <I>et  al</I>., 2007).</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">El modo de transmisi&oacute;n de este pat&oacute;geno ha sido fuertemente debatido y hasta el momento no se ha determinado con exactitud (Engstrand, 2001; Kivi y Tindberg, 2006; Azevedo <I>et al</I>., 2007b). Dado que este microorganismo coloniza el tracto gastrointestinal, en particular la mucosa g&aacute;strica, y que se ha demostrado la presencia de formas potencialmente infecciosas en la saliva y las heces de individuos infectados, se han propuesto dos rutas de transmisi&oacute;n: la fecal-oral, mediante aguas contaminadas, y la oral-oral, mediante la saliva por contacto persona a persona e intrafamiliar (Drumm <I>et al</I>., 1990; Thomas <I>et al</I>., 1992; Madinier <I>et al</I>., 1997; Parsonnet <I>et al</I>., 1999; Leclerc <I>et al</I>., 2002). Se ha sugerido que la bacteria puede existir de forma natural en el ambiente (West <I>et al</I>., 1990; Klein <I>et al</I>., 1991; Shahamat <I>et al</I>., 1993). Estudios m&aacute;s recientes han evidenciado que el ambiente acu&aacute;tico puede ser un reservorio de <I>H. pylori</I> (Cellini <I>et al</I>., 2004; Carbone <I>et al</I>., 2005). Sin embargo, ninguna ruta <I>per se</I> es capaz de explicar con exactitud su transmisi&oacute;n. ¿C&oacute;mo el microorganismo abandona a su hospedador y entra en el ambiente?, ¿d&oacute;nde reside en el ambiente? y ¿cu&aacute;ndo las personas adquieren la infecci&oacute;n? son preguntas que todav&iacute;a no han tenido respuesta (Parsonnet <I>et al</I>., 1999).</font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Muchas evidencias han demostrado que <I>H. pylori </I>est&aacute; bien adaptado para adherirse a la mucosa g&aacute;strica. Sin embargo, es dif&iacute;cil establecer que &eacute;sta sea su &uacute;nico nicho ecol&oacute;gico (Hegarty <I>et al</I>., 1999; Leclerc <I>et al</I>., 2002). Diversos estudios epidemiol&oacute;gicos y ambientales son consistentes en plantear que el agua juega un rol importante en la transmisi&oacute;n (Klein <I>et al</I>., 1991; Goodman <I>et al</I>., 1996; Bunn <I>et al</I>., 2002; Cellini <I>et al</I>., 2004). Se ha determinado que <I>H. pylori</I> est&aacute; presente en diversas fuentes de aguas: lagos, r&iacute;os, agua potable superficial y subterr&aacute;nea, aguas municipales y residuales y ambientes marinos costeros, encontr&aacute;ndose tambi&eacute;n como microorganismo libre en el agua de mar y asociado a organismos planct&oacute;nicos (<a href="#TAB1">Tabla I</a>).</font></P>      <p ALIGN="center" style="word-spacing: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font SIZE="2" face="Verdana"><b>TABLA I</b></font></p>     <p ALIGN="center" style="word-spacing: 0; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font face="Verdana" size="2">MÉTODOS DE DETECCIÓN DE <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> EN AMBIENTES ACUÁTICOS</font></p>     <p ALIGN="center" style="word-spacing: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><img border="0" src="/img/fbpe/inci/v33n6/art05tab1.jpg" align="center" width="542" height="470"></p>      
<P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">En vista de la importancia que ha adquirido la infecci&oacute;n por <I>H. pylori </I>en la salud p&uacute;blica mundial y la incertidumbre existente acerca de su transmisi&oacute;n acu&aacute;tica, en este trabajo se lleva a cabo una revisi&oacute;n acerca de la presencia de este pat&oacute;geno en distintas fuentes de agua y sus estrategias de supervivencia en los ambientes acu&aacute;ticos.</font></P> <B>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Evidencias de la Transmisi&oacute;n Acu&aacute;tica de </font> <I><font face="Verdana" size="2">H. pylori</font></P> </I> </B>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Las primeras evidencias sobre la ruta de transmisi&oacute;n acu&aacute;tica de este microorganismo a humanos fueron aportadas por estudios epidemiol&oacute;gicos realizados en algunos pa&iacute;ses en v&iacute;as de desarrollo (Per&uacute;, Colombia, Chile y Venezuela). En Lima, Per&uacute;, Klein <I>et al.</I> (1991) demostraron la asociaci&oacute;n entre la prevalencia de <I>H. pylori</I> en ni&ntilde;os (48%) y el consumo de fuentes externas de agua (drenaje comunitario). Un estudio similar desarrollado con ni&ntilde;os en un &aacute;rea rural de los Andes Colombianos determin&oacute; una prevalencia de <I>H. pylori</I> del 69%, incrementando las tasas de infecci&oacute;n con el uso de arroyos como fuente de agua potable (Goodman <I>et al</I>., 1996). Otro trabajo realizado en una poblaci&oacute;n chilena, encontr&oacute; que la seropositividad a este pat&oacute;geno fue superior a 60% en los grupos socioecon&oacute;micos m&aacute;s bajos, asociada al consumo de vegetales no procesados, los cuales pudieron haber sido irrigados con aguas residuales (Hopkins <I>et al</I>., 1993).</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">En Venezuela, Dom&iacute;nguez-Bello <I>et al. </I>(2002) encontraron que la frecuencia de infecci&oacute;n por <I>H. pylori</I> es significativamente m&aacute;s alta (96%) durante los meses de lluvia, sugieriendo que esto podr&iacute;a ser debido a un aumento en la densidad bacteriana y/o a cambios de formas cocoides en estado de latencia a formas bacilares en divisi&oacute;n celular. Los resultados de estos estudios indican que el agua puede ser un intermediario en la transmisi&oacute;n fecal-oral, actuando como un reservorio en el cual la bacteria puede permanecer por per&iacute;odos prolongados antes de ser ingerida como agua potable, accidentalmente durante el ba&ntilde;o o a trav&eacute;s de alimentos contaminados.</font></P> <B>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">M&eacute;todos de Detecci&oacute;n de <I>H. pylori</I> en Ambientes Acu&aacute;ticos</font></P> </B>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">En los &uacute;ltimos 15 a&ntilde;os, la mayor&iacute;a de los estudios se han orientado al desarrollo de m&eacute;todos que demuestren la presencia de <I>H. pylori</I> en el agua, los cuales han contribuido a la hip&oacute;tesis de la transmisi&oacute;n acu&aacute;tica de este pat&oacute;geno. El cultivo, la reacci&oacute;n en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), la inmunofluorescencia y la hibridaci&oacute;n <I>in situ</I> por fluorescencia (FISH) son los principales m&eacute;todos que han sido utilizados para determinar la presencia de <I>H. pylori</I> en diferentes fuentes de agua (<a href="#TAB1">Tabla I</a>). A continuaci&oacute;n se describe brevemente cada uno de estos m&eacute;todos.</font></P>  <I>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Cultivo</font></P> </I>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">El cultivo de <I>H. pylori</I> en ambientes distintos al est&oacute;mago humano ha sido dif&iacute;cil, debido a cambios morfol&oacute;gicos de esta bacteria y al sobrecrecimiento o competencia de otros microorganismos. Se han realizado esfuerzos por cultivar esta bacteria en muestras de agua usando medios de crecimiento alternativos bajo condiciones microaerof&iacute;licas variables (Hulten <I>et al</I>., 1996; Lu <I>et al</I>., 2002; Degnan <I>et al</I>., 2003; Moreno <I>et al</I>., 2003; Carbone <I>et al</I>., 2005). Hasta el presente, se han reportado algunos casos de cultivo viable de este pat&oacute;geno a partir de muestras de aguas residuales, agua marina y asociado al plancton, confirmando la presencia de <I>H. pylori</I> por an&aacute;lisis de secuencias del gen 16S del ARNr (Lu <I>et al</I>., 2002; Cellini <I>et al</I>., 2005; Fern&aacute;ndez <I>et al</I>., 2007). Debido a las dificultades que presentan las t&eacute;cnicas tradicionales de cultivo en recuperar este microorganismo del ambiente, la PCR y la inmunofluorescencia han sido usadas exitosamente para la detecci&oacute;n de <I>H. pylori</I>.</font></P>  <I>    <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Reacci&oacute;n en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR)</font></P> </I>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">La PCR es un m&eacute;todo que permite la amplificaci&oacute;n de genes espec&iacute;ficos para detectar <I>H. pylori</I> en distintas fuentes de agua. Algunos de ellos, como <I>ureA</I> (ureasa); <I>hpaA</I> (adhesina); <I>cagA</I> (gen que codifica para la prote&iacute;na inmunodominante CagA en la isla de patogenicidad, PAI <I>cagA</I>); y <I>glmM</I> (fosfoglucosamina mutasa), son los com&uacute;nmente seleccionados con la finalidad de evitar la reactividad cruzada entre <I>H. pylori</I> y otras bacterias. Sin embargo, otras especies bacterianas estrechamente relacionadas y subespecies desconocidas del g&eacute;nero <I>Helicobacter</I> podr&iacute;an interferir en los ensayos de PCR (Engstrand, 2001).</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Diversos trabajos han detectado por PCR a este pat&oacute;geno en ambientes acu&aacute;ticos de distintas partes del mundo, donde existe contaminaci&oacute;n fecal animal o humana (<a href="#TAB1">Tabla I</a>). Otros estudios han considerado la separaci&oacute;n inmunomagn&eacute;tica como un paso previo a la PCR para mejorar la sensibilidad de este m&eacute;todo molecular y obtener una mayor recuperaci&oacute;n de ADN (Enroth y Engstrand, 1995; Hulten <I>et al</I>., 1996; Hulten <I>et al</I>., 1998). La separaci&oacute;n inmunomagn&eacute;tica consiste en el uso de perlas magn&eacute;ticas cubiertas de anticuerpos espec&iacute;ficos para ant&iacute;genos de superficie de bacterias pat&oacute;genas, que se aplica para separar y concentrar estos microorganismos a partir de muestras heterog&eacute;neas (Enroth y Engstrand, 1995).</font></P>  <I>    <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Inmunofluorescencia</font></P> </I>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Las t&eacute;cnicas inmunol&oacute;gicas, entre ellas la inmunofluorescencia, son usadas para detectar, identificar y cuantificar ant&iacute;genos en diferentes muestras. Esta t&eacute;cnica ha sido aplicada por algunos autores para determinar la presencia de <I>H. pylori</I> metab&oacute;licamente activa en fuentes de agua de consumo humano, utilizando un anticuerpo monoclonal anti-<I>H. pylori</I> marcado con un fluor&oacute;foro. En estos estudios se identific&oacute; <I>H. pylori</I> en muestras de agua y su asociaci&oacute;n con la colonizaci&oacute;n g&aacute;strica (<a href="#TAB1">Tabla I</a>); sin embargo, no se mostraron evidencias de la viabilidad de la bacteria en el agua. En vista que existen pocos estudios realizados con inmunofluorescencia y que el n&uacute;mero de muestras no es representativo, se considera necesario nuevas investigaciones para demostrar la sensibilidad y especificidad de esta t&eacute;cnica inmunol&oacute;gica.</font></P>  <I>    <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Hibridaci&oacute;n in situ por fluorescencia (FISH)</font></P> </I>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Otra t&eacute;cnica de gran utilidad para la detecci&oacute;n de este pat&oacute;geno en muestras de agua es la hibridaci&oacute;n <I>in situ</I> por fluorescencia (Moreno <I>et al.</I>, 2003; Piqueres <I>et al</I>., 2006), la cual ha demostrado ser efectiva para la visualizaci&oacute;n de &aacute;cidos nucleicos de microorganismos morfol&oacute;gicamente intactos en su ambiente. El proceso involucra marcar sondas de ADN o ARN acopladas a un fluor&oacute;foro, seguido de su hibridaci&oacute;n con la muestra y finalmente la visualizaci&oacute;n de las c&eacute;lulas marcadas usando microscop&iacute;a de fluorescencia (Amann <I>et al</I>., 1990).</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Pocos estudios han evaluado la efectividad de FISH para la detecci&oacute;n directa de c&eacute;lulas viables de H. pylori en muestras de agua dulce, potable, marina (<a href="#TAB1">Tabla I</a>) y agua tratada con hipoclorito de sodio (Moreno et al. 2007). Aunque esta t&eacute;cnica necesita una evaluaci&oacute;n m&aacute;s exhaustiva, ha demostrado ser sensible, espec&iacute;fica, cuantitativa y r&aacute;pida para detectar c&eacute;lulas completas de <I>H. pylori</I> en muestras ambientales.</font></P> <B>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Estrategias de Supervivencia de <I>H. pylori </I>en Ambientes Acu&aacute;ticos</font></P> </B>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Varias hip&oacute;tesis han sido propuestas para explicar las estrategias de supervivencia de las bacterias pat&oacute;genas como <I>H. pylori</I> en ambientes acu&aacute;ticos. La formaci&oacute;n de biopel&iacute;culas, la asociaci&oacute;n al plancton y el estado viable no cultivable (VNC) han sido las estrategias m&aacute;s importantes reportadas para este microorganismo y se describen a continuaci&oacute;n.</font></P> <I>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Biopel&iacute;culas</font></P> </I>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Las biopel&iacute;culas son comunidades complejas de microorganismos adheridas a superficies o asociadas a interfases (Davey y O’toole, 2000). La supervivencia de microorganismos pat&oacute;genos, incluyendo a <I>H. pylori</I>, puede ser prolongada por la colonizaci&oacute;n activa de biopel&iacute;culas como las encontradas en los sistemas de almacenamiento y distribuci&oacute;n de agua potable. Las biopel&iacute;culas le proporcionan a la microbiota asociada un sustrato que le permite su multiplicaci&oacute;n, la adquisici&oacute;n de nutrientes, el mantenimiento de un ambiente fisicoqu&iacute;mico apropiado y la resistencia a agentes antimicrobianos (Davey y O’toole, 2000; Park <I>et al</I>., 2001).</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Existen estudios <I>in vitro</I> que evidencian la formaci&oacute;n de biopel&iacute;culas por <I>H. pylori</I> en medio de cultivo (Mackay <I>et al</I>., 1999; Stark <I>et al</I>., 1999; Cole <I>et al</I>., 2004). Azevedo <I>et al.</I> (2003), utilizando una nueva tecnolog&iacute;a basada en sondas fluorescentes denominada &aacute;cidos nucleicos pept&iacute;dicos (PNA, por sus siglas en ingl&eacute;s), demostraron que <I>H. pylori</I> forma biopel&iacute;culas con otros microorganismos en un modelo de sistema de agua potable.</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Otros autores han determinado la formaci&oacute;n natural de biopel&iacute;culas de este microorganismo en el agua potable. Park <I>et al</I>. (2001) detectaron <I>Helicobacter </I>sp. en una biopel&iacute;cula de agua potable tomada de un sistema municipal de distribuci&oacute;n de agua localizado en el noreste de Escocia. Sin embargo, la detecci&oacute;n por PCR no fue confirmada por an&aacute;lisis de secuencias y no excluye la posibilidad de falsos positivos. A diferencia del estudio realizado por Park <I>et al</I>. (2001), Bunn <I>et al</I>. (2002) y Watson <I>et al.</I> (2004) demostraron la presencia del ADN de <I>H. pylori</I> en material de biopel&iacute;culas de sistemas de distribuci&oacute;n de agua, mediante la confirmaci&oacute;n de la secuencia del gen 16S del ARNr. Trabajos recientes realizados por Braganra <I>et al</I>. (2007) detectaron mediante FISH, c&eacute;lulas de<I> H. pylori</I> en forma espiral (forma activa de la bacteria) en biopel&iacute;culas presentes en sistemas de distribuci&oacute;n de agua potable. Estos resultados evidencian que el agua potable puede ser una ruta de transmisi&oacute;n de <I>H. pylori</I> y que las biopel&iacute;culas pueden actuar como ambientes de acumulaci&oacute;n pasiva de especies de <I>Helicobacter</I> o como un reservorio importante de infecci&oacute;n.</font></P>  <I>    <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Asociaci&oacute;n de </font> </I><font size="2" face="Verdana">H. pylori</font><I> <font face="Verdana" size="2"> al plancton</font></P> </I>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Se ha demostrado que las bacterias asociadas al plancton en ambientes acu&aacute;ticos sobreviven por per&iacute;odos m&aacute;s prolongados que en su forma libre, posiblemente como una adaptaci&oacute;n a los bajos niveles de nutrientes. El plancton provee de una fuente de C y N, as&iacute; como protecci&oacute;n contra el estr&eacute;s y los cambios ambientales. La asociaci&oacute;n de <I>H. pylori</I> al plancton ha sido de particular inter&eacute;s en tres estudios desarrollados en ambientes marinos. Se ha observado igualmente que la presencia de <I>H. pylori</I> fue mayor cuando ocurre la surgencia de cop&eacute;podos (crust&aacute;ceos microsc&oacute;picos que forman parte del plancton), sugiriendo que estos organismos podr&iacute;an representar un microh&aacute;bitat favorable para la bacteria (Cellini <I>et al</I>., 2004; Carbone <I>et al</I>., 2005; Fern&aacute;ndez <I>et al</I>., 2007). Adicionalmente, Cellini <I>et al.</I> (2005) demostraron que <I>H. pylori </I>pod&iacute;a salir del estado VNC solamente en presencia de un cop&eacute;podo marino (<I>Tigriopus fulvus</I>), aportando evidencias sobre el papel de estos crust&aacute;ceos en la supervivencia y transmisi&oacute;n de <I>H. pylori</I>. Otros estudios experimentales han reportado que <I>H. pylori</I> es capaz de propagarse y permanecer viable por muchas semanas dentro de una amiba de vida libre (<I>Acanthamoeba castellanii</I>) bajo condiciones experimentales (Winiecka-Krusnell <I>et al</I>., 2002). De forma similar a lo que ocurre con el plancton, esta amiba le aporta nutrientes y condiciones favorables a la bacteria para su crecimiento, y puede contribuir a su persistencia y propagaci&oacute;n en el ambiente.</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Por otra parte, Azevedo <I>et al.</I> (2006) demostraron que <I>H. pylori</I> forma agregados que se adhieren a superficies abi&oacute;ticas expuestas al agua. Las superficies de cobre fueron especialmente favorables para la permanencia de la bacteria en su forma espiral, as&iacute; como para la formaci&oacute;n de un gran n&uacute;mero de aglomerados. Los autores sugieren que la coagregaci&oacute;n con los consorcios heterotr&oacute;ficos aut&oacute;ctonos existentes en el agua es necesaria para la supervivencia a largo plazo de <I>H. pylori</I> a biopel&iacute;culas asociadas a sistemas de agua potable. El estudio de la adhesi&oacute;n de <I>H. pylori</I> al plancton y a otras superficies abi&oacute;ticas en los ambientes acu&aacute;ticos es importante para descifrar sus mecanismos de supervivencia y es un &aacute;rea que requiere de mayor investigaci&oacute;n.</font></P>  <I>    <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Estado viable no cultivable</font></P> </I>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">En respuesta a condiciones de estr&eacute;s ambiental, algunas bacterias adoptan un estado que se ha definido como viable no cultivable (VNC); viable porque mantiene la capacidad de realizar funciones metab&oacute;licas, y no cultivable porque no puede aislarse mediante m&eacute;todos de cultivo en el laboratorio. Si las condiciones ambientales vuelven a ser favorables, el microorganismo puede retornar al estado cultivable. Durante el estado VNC las bacterias pueden permanecer adheridas a la superficie del fitoplancton y el zooplancton, manteni&eacute;ndose por per&iacute;odos prolongados en el medio marino (Borroto, 1998; Cellini <I>et al</I>., 2005; Oliver, 2005).</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Al entrar en contacto con el agua, <I>H. pylori</I> es capaz de adoptar el estado VNC, transform&aacute;ndose de la forma t&iacute;pica espiral a una forma cocoide que probablemente dificulta su cultivo (Oliver, 2005; Bellack <I>et al</I>., 2006). Algunos autores consideran que la transformaci&oacute;n a la forma cocoide puede ser la manifestaci&oacute;n de la muerte celular (Kusters <I>et al</I>., 1997; Azevedo <I>et al</I>., 2004; Bellack <I>et al</I>., 2006) mientras que otros autores consideran que este estado es una forma durmiente y viable (Mizoguchi <I>et al</I>., 1998; Sisto <I>et al</I>., 2000; Adams <I>et al</I>., 2003; Saito <I>et al</I>., 2003; Oliver, 2005; Queralt y Araujo, 2007). Recientemente, Azevedo <I>et al</I>. (2007a) demostraron que la transformaci&oacute;n a la forma cocoide es un proceso biol&oacute;gico activo que le permite a la bacteria protegerse de las condiciones adversas del ambiente. Por otra parte, Chaput <I>et al.</I> (2006) y Nagai <I>et al.</I> (2007) demostraron que la conversi&oacute;n de <I>H. pylori</I> a su forma cocoide en las c&eacute;lulas g&aacute;stricas e intestinales estimula el sistema inmune del hospedador, indicando que la morfolog&iacute;a cocoide es una forma viable y activa de la bacteria. En todo caso, la transformaci&oacute;n de la bacteria a la forma cocoide y al estado VNC debe ser motivo de investigaciones m&aacute;s exhaustivas a fin de comprender las estrategias que utiliza este microorganismo para sobrevivir en el medio acu&aacute;tico.</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Azevedo <I>et al.</I> (2008) evaluaron la viabilidad de diferentes especies de <I>Helicobacter</I> en agua en condiciones <I>in vitro</I> mediante t&eacute;cnicas de cultivo y de integridad de la membrana. Estos autores demostraron que diferentes cepas de <I>Helicobacter </I>pueden sobrevivir en agua por periodos prolongados, observando que <I>H. pylori</I> posee el mayor tiempo de supervivencia, sin encontrar diferencias entre especies g&aacute;stricas y enterohep&aacute;ticas. Este trabajo aporta evidencia del rol del agua en la transmisi&oacute;n de diferentes especies de <I>Helicobacter</I>.</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">La determinaci&oacute;n de la viabilidad de <I>H. pylori</I> en el agua ha sido dif&iacute;cil, debido a que los m&eacute;todos usados y descritos anteriormente deben mejorarse para distinguir entre c&eacute;lulas vivas y muertas (Bellack <I>et al</I>., 2006). La presencia de esta bacteria es sobreestimada por PCR, ya que esta t&eacute;cnica puede detectar el ADN de c&eacute;lulas muertas no viables o VNC, mientras que las t&eacute;cnicas de cultivo subestiman la presencia de este microorganismo debido a que la forma cocoide podr&iacute;a ser no cultivable (Queralt y Araujo, 2007)</font></P>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">La asociaci&oacute;n al plancton, la formaci&oacute;n de biopel&iacute;culas y el estado VNC se han reportado tambi&eacute;n para otras bacterias pat&oacute;genas de transmisi&oacute;n acu&aacute;tica como <I>Vibrio cholerae</I> (). En <I>V. cholerae </I>se ha demostrado la importancia de estas estrategias para la supervivencia y transmisi&oacute;n de esta bacteria en el medio acu&aacute;tico (Lipp <I>et al</I>., 2002; Lipp <I>et al</I>., 2003; Faruque <I>et al</I>., 2006). Recientemente se report&oacute; que <I>V. cholerae</I> y <I>H. pylori</I> pueden coexistir en un medio de cultivo para aislar <I>H. pylori</I> a partir de muestras de agua, plancton e invertebrados marinos en las costas de Venezuela (Fern&aacute;ndez <I>et al</I>., 2007). Estos resultados evidencian que el agua puede ser una ruta de transmisi&oacute;n com&uacute;n para estas dos bacterias, aunque se requieren m&aacute;s estudios para demostrarlo.</font></P> <B>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Conclusi&oacute;n</font></P> </B>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">Las evidencias epidemiol&oacute;gicas y microbiol&oacute;gicas indican la posibilidad que el agua act&uacute;e como un reservorio en la transmisi&oacute;n fecal-oral de <I>H. pylori</I>. La detecci&oacute;n de este microorganismo en muestras de agua ha sido motivo de controversia, debido a que no existe una t&eacute;cnica est&aacute;ndar para su estudio. El cultivo de esta bacteria directamente del agua ha sido dif&iacute;cil, probablemente debido a su conversi&oacute;n a una forma no cultivable y al sobrecrecimiento de otros microorganismos en medios selectivos que arrojan resultados falsos negativos. Otras t&eacute;cnicas utilizadas para su detecci&oacute;n en agua, tales como la PCR, FISH y la inmunofluorescencia, pueden arrojar resultados falsos positivos. Futuras investigaciones deber&iacute;an dirigirse a optimizar las condiciones de cultivo de <I>H. pylori</I> en muestras de agua y continuar los estudios sobre los reservorios ambientales implicados en las v&iacute;as de transmisi&oacute;n de este pat&oacute;geno humano.</font></P> <B>     <P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">REFERENCIAS</font></P> </B>     <!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">1. Adams<B> </B>BL, Bates TC, Oliver JD (2003) Survival of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> in a natural freshwater environment. <I>Appl. Env. Microbiol. 69</I>: 7462-7466.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070903&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">2. Amann RI, Krumholz L, Stahl DA (1990) Fluorescent-oligonucleotide probing of whole cells for determinative, phylogenetic, and environmental studies in microbiology. <I>J. Bacteriol. 172</I>: 762-770.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070904&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">3. Azevedo NF, Vieira MJ, Keevil CW (2003) Establishment of a continuous model system to study <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> survival in potable water biofilms. <I>Water Sci. Technol. 47</I>: 155-160.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070905&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">4. Azevedo NF, Pacheco AP, Keevil CW, Vieira MJ (2004) Nutrient shock and incubation atmosphere influence recovery of culturable <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> from water. <I>Appl. Env. Microbiol.</I> <I>70</I>: 490-493.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070906&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">5. Azevedo NF, Pacheco AP, Keevil CW, Vieira MJ (2006) Adhesion of water stressed <I>Helicobacter</I> <I>pylori</I> to abiotic surfaces. <I>J. Appl. Microbiol. 101</I>: 718-724.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070907&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">6. Azevedo NF, Almeida C, Cerqueira L, Dias S, Keevil CW, Vieira MJ (2007a) Coccoid form of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> as a morphological manifestation of cell adaptation to the environment. <I>Appl. Env. Microbiol. 73</I>: 3423-3427.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070908&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">7. Azevedo NF, Guimar&atilde;es N, Figueiredo C, Keevil CW, Vieira MJ (2007b) A new model for the transmission of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I>: role of environmental reservoirs as gene pools to increase strain diversity. <I>Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 33</I>: 157-169.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070909&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">8. Azevedo NF, Almeida C, Fernandes I, Cerqueira L, Dias S, Keevil CW, Vieira MJ (2008) Survival of gastric and enterohepatic <I>Helicobacter</I> spp. in water: implications for transmission. <I>Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74</I>: 1805-1811.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070910&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">9. Baker KH, Hegarty JP (2001) Presence of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> in drinking water is associated with clinical infection. <I>Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 33</I>: 744-746.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070911&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">10. Bellack NR, Koehoorn MW, MacNab YC, Morshed MG (2006) A conceptual model of water’s role as a reservoir in <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> transmission: a review of the evidence. <I>Epidemiol. Infect. 134</I>: 439-449.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070912&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">11. Blaser MJ (1990) <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> and the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal inflammation. <I>J. Infect. Dis. 161</I>: 626-633.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070913&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">12. Borroto RJ (1998) Survival of <I>Vibrio cholerae</I> O1 in freshwater surface and endemic cholera: a geological hypothesis. <I>Rev. Panam. Salud P&uacute;bl. 4</I>: 371-374.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070914&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">13. Braganra SM, Azevedo NF, Sim&otilde;es LC, Keevil CW, Vieira MJ (2007) Use of fluorescent <I>in situ</I> hybridisation for the visualisation of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> in real drinking water biofilms. <I>Water Sci. Technol. 55</I>: 387-393.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070915&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">14. Bunn JE, MacKay WG, Thomas JE, Reid DC, Weaver LT (2002) Detection of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> DNA in drinking water biofilms: implications for transmission in early life. <I>Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 34</I>: 450-454.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070916&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">15. Carbone M, Maugeri TL, Gugliandolo C, La Camera E, Biondo C, Fera MT (2005) Occurrence of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> DNA in the coastal environment of southern Italy (Straits of Messina). <I>J. Appl. Microbiol. 98</I>: 768-774.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070917&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">16. Cellini L, Del Vecchio A, Di Candia M, Di Campli E, Favaro M, Donelli G (2004) Detection of free and plankton-associated <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> in seawater. <I>J. Appl. Microbiol. 97</I>: 285-292.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070918&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">17. Cellini L, Di Campli E, Grande R, Di Bartolomeo S, Prenna M, Pasquantonio MS, Pane L (2005) Detection of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> associated with zooplancton. <I>Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 40</I>: 115-120.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070919&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">18. Chaput C, Ecobichon C, Cayet N, Girardin SE, Werts C, Guadagnini S, Pr&eacute;vost MC, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Labigne A, Boneca IG (2006) Role of AmiA in the morphological transition of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> and in immune escape. <I>PLoS Pathog. 2</I>: 844-851.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070920&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500018&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">19. Clyne M, Dolan B, Reeves EP (2007) Bacterial factors that mediate colonization of the stomach and virulence of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I>. <I>FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 268</I>: 135–143.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070921&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500019&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">20. Cole SP, Harwood J, Lee R, She R, Guiney DG (2004) Characterization of monospecies biofilm formation by <I>Helicobacter pylori</I>. <I>J. Bacteriol. 186</I>: 3124-3132.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070922&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500020&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">21. Davey<B> </B>ME, O’toole GA (2000) Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics. <I>Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64</I>: 847-867.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070923&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500021&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">22. Degnan AJ, Sonzogni WC, Standridge JH (2003) Development of a plating medium for selection of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> from water samples. <I>Appl. Env. Microbiol. 69</I>: 2914-2918.</font> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070924&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500022&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">23. Dom&iacute;nguez-Bello MG, Beker B, Guelrud M, Vivas J, Peraza S, P&eacute;rez ME, Pericchi LR (2002) Short report: socioeconomic and seasonal variations of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> infection in patients in Venezuela. <I>Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 66</I>: 49-51.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070925&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500023&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">24. Drumm B, P&eacute;rez-P&eacute;rez GI, Blaser MJ, Sherman PM (1990) Intrafamilial clustering of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> infection. <I>N. Engl. J. Med. 322</I>: 359-63.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070926&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500024&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">25. Engstrand L (2001) <I>Helicobacter </I>in water and waterborne routes of transmission. <I>J. Appl. Microbiol. 90</I>: 80S-84S.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070927&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500025&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">26. Enroth H, Engstrand L (1995) Immunomagnetic separation and PCR for detection of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> in water and stool specimens. <I>J. Clin. Microbiol. 33</I>: 2162-2165.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070928&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500026&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">27. Faruque SM,<B> </B>Biswas K, Udden SM, Ahmad QS, Sack DA, Nair GB, Mekalanos JJ (2006) Transmissibility of cholera: <I>in vivo</I>-formed biofilms and their relationship to infectivity and persistence in the environment. <I>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103</I>: 6350-6355.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070929&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500027&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">28. Fern&aacute;ndez M, Contreras M, Su&aacute;rez P, Gueneau P, Garc&iacute;a-Amado MA (2007) Use of HP selective medium to detect <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> associated with other enteric bacteria in seawater and marine molluscs. <I>Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 45</I>: 213-218.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070930&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500028&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">29. Forman D, Newell DG, Fullerton F, Yarnell JW, Stacey AR, Wald N, Sitas F (1991) Association between infection with <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation. <I>Br. Med. J. 302</I>: 1302-1305.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070931&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500029&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">30. Frenck Jr RW, Clemens J (2003) <I>Helicobacter</I> in the developing world. <I>Microb. Infect. 5</I>: 705-713.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070932&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500030&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">31. Fujimura S, Kato S, Kawamura T (2004) <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> in Japanese river water and its prevalence in Japanese children. <I>Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 38</I>: 517-521.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070933&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500031&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">32. Goodman KJ, Correa P, Tengana Aux HJ, Ram&iacute;rez H, DeLany JP, Guerrero Pepinosa O, L&oacute;pez Qui&ntilde;ones M, Collazos Parra T (1996) <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> infection in the Colombian Andes: A population-based study of transmission pathways. <I>Am. J. Epidemiol. 144</I>: 290-299.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070934&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500032&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">33. Hegarty JP, Dowd MT, Baker KH<B> </B>(1999) Occurrence of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> in surface water in the United States. <I>J. Appl. Microbiol. 87</I>: 697-701.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070935&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500033&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">34. Hopkins RJ, Vial PA, Ferreccio C, Ovalle J, Prado P, Sotomayor V, Russell RG, Wasserman SS, Morris JG Jr (1993) Seroprevalence of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> in Chile: vegetables may serve as one route of transmission. <I>J. Infect. Dis. 168</I>: 222-226.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070936&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500034&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">35. Horiuchi T, Ohkusa T, Watanabe M, Kobayashi D, Miwa H, Eishi Y (2001) <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> DNA in drinking water in Japan. <I>Microbiol. Immunol<B>.</B> 45</I>: 515-519.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070937&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500035&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">36. Hulten K, Han SW, Enroth H, Klein PD, Opekun AR, Gilman RH, Evans DG, Engstrand L, Graham DY, El-Zaatari FA (1996) <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> in the drinking water in Peru. <I>Gastroenterology 110</I>: 1031-1035.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070938&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500036&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">37. Hulten K, Enroth H, Nystrom T, Engstrand L (1998) Presence of <I>Helicobacter </I>species DNA in Swedish water. <I>J. Appl. Microbiol. 85</I>: 282-286.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070939&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500037&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">38. Kivi M, Tindberg Y (2006) <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> occurrence and transmission: a family affair? <I>Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 38</I>: 407-417.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070940&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500038&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">39. Klein PD, Graham DY, Gaillour A, Opekun AR, Smith EO (1991) Water source as risk factor for <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> infection in Peruvian children. <I>Lancet 337</I>: 1503-1506.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070941&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500039&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">40. Kusters JG, Gerrits MM, Van Strijp JA, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM (1997) Coccoid forms of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> are the morphologic manifestation of cell death. <I>Infect. Immun</I>. <I>65</I>: 3672-3679.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070942&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500040&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">41. Leclerc H, Schwartzbrod L, Dei-Cas E (2002) Microbial agents associated with waterborne diseases. <I>Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 28</I>: 371-409.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070943&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500041&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">42. Lipp EK, Huq A, Colwell RR (2002) Effects of global climate on infectious disease: the cholera model. <I>Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15</I>: 757-770.</font> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070944&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500042&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">43. Lipp EK, Rivera IN, Gil AI, Espeland EM, Choopun N, Louis VR, Russek-Cohen E, Huq A, Colwell RR (2003) Direct detection of <I>Vibrio cholerae</I> and <I>ctxA</I> in Peruvian coastal water and plankton by PCR. <I>Appl. Env. Microbiol. 69</I>: 3676-3680.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070945&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500043&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">44. Lu Y, Redlinger TE, Avitia R, Galindo A, Goodman K (2002) Isolation and genotyping of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> from untreated municipal wastewater. <I>Appl. Env. Microbiol. 68</I>: 1436-1439.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070946&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500044&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">45. MacKay WG, Gribbon LT, Barer MR, Reid DC (1999) Biofilms in drinking water systems: a possible reservoir for <I>Helicobacter pylori</I>?. <I>J. Appl. Microbiol. 85</I>: 52S-59S.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070947&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500045&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">46. Madinier IM, Fosse TM, Monteil RA (1997) Oral carriage of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I>: a review. <I>J. Periodontol. 68</I>: 2-6.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070948&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500046&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">47. Malaty HM, El-Kasabany A, Graham DY, Miller CC, Reddy SG, Srinivasan SR, Yamaoka Y, Berenson GS (2002) Age at acquisition of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> infection: a follow-up study from infancy to adulthood. <I>Lancet 359</I>: 931-935.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070949&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500047&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">48. Marshall<B> </B>BJ, McGechie DB, Rogers PA, Glancy RJ (1985) <I>Pyloric Campylobacter</I> infection and gastroduodenal disease. <I>Med. J. Aust</I>.<I> 142</I>: 439-444.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070950&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500048&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">49. Mazari-Hiriart M, L&oacute;pez-Vidal Y, Castillo-Rojas G, Ponce de Le&oacute;n S, Cravioto A (2001) <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> and other enteric bacteria in freshwater environments in Mexico City. <I>Arch. Med. Res. 32</I>: 458-467.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070951&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500049&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">50. Mazari-Hiriart M, L&oacute;pez-Vidal Y, Ponce-de-Le&oacute;n S, Calva JJ, Rojo-Callejas F, Castillo-Rojas G (2005) Longitudinal study of microbial diversity and seasonality in the Mexico City metropolitan area water supply system. <I>Appl. Env. Microbiol. 71</I>: 5129-5137.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070952&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500050&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">51. McKeown I, Orr P, Macdonald S, Kabani A, Brown R, Coghlan G, Dawood M, Embil J, Sargent M, Smart G, Bernstein CN (1999) <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> in the Canadian Arctic: Seroprevalence and detection in community water samples. <I>Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94</I>: 1823-1829.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070953&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500051&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">52. Mizoguchi H, Fujioka T, Kishi K, Nishizono A, Kodama R, Nasu M (1998) Diversity in protein synthesis and viability of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> coccoid forms in response to various stimuli. <I>Infect. Immun. 66</I>: 5555-5560.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070954&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500052&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">53. Moreno Y, Ferrus MA, Alonso JL, Jim&eacute;nez A, Hern&aacute;ndez J (2003) Use of fluorescent <I>in situ</I> hybridization to evidence the presence of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> in water. <I>Water Res. 37</I>: 2251-2256.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070955&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500053&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">54. Moreno Y, Piqueres P, Alonso JL, Jim&eacute;nez A, Gonz&aacute;lez A, Ferr&uacute;s MA (2007) Survival and viability of <I>Helicobacter pylori </I>after inoculation into chlorinated drinking water. <I>Water Res. 41</I>: 3490-3496.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070956&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500054&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">55. Nagai S, Mimuro H, Yamada T, Baba Y, Moro K, Nochi T, Kiyono H, Suzuki T, Sasakawa C, Koyasu S (2007) Role of Peyer’s patches in the induction of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I>-induced gastritis. <I>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104</I>: 8971-8976.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070957&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500055&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">56. Oliver JD (2005) The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria. <I>J. Microbiol.</I> <I>43</I>: 93-100.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070958&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500056&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">57. Park SR, Mackay WG, Reid DC (2001) <I>Helicobacter</I> sp. recovered from drinking water biofilms sampled from a water distribution system. <I>Water Res.</I><B> </B><I>35</I>: 1624-1626.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070959&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500057&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">58. Parsonnet J<B> </B>(1995) The incidence of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> infection. <I>Alim. Pharmacol. Ther. 9</I>: 45-51.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070960&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500058&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">59. Parsonnet<B> </B>J, Hansen S, Rodr&iacute;guez L, Gelb AB, Warnke RA, Jellum E, Orentreich N, Vogelman JH, Friedman GD (1994) <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> infection and gastric lymphoma. <I>N. Engl. J. Med. 330</I>: 1267-1271.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070961&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500059&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">60. Parsonnet J, Shmuely H, Haggerty T (1999) Fecal and oral shedding of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> from healthy infected adults. <I>JAMA 282</I>: 2240-2245.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070962&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500060&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">61. Piqueres P, Moreno Y, Alonso JL, Ferrus MA (2006) A combination of direct viable count and fluorescent <I>in situ</I> hybridization for estimating <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> cell viability. <I>Res. Microbiol. 157</I>: 345-349.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070963&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500061&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">62. Queralt N, Araujo R (2007) Analysis of the survival of <I>H. pylori</I> within a laboratory-based aquatic model system using molecular and classical techniques. <I>Microb. Ecol. 54</I>: 771-777.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070964&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500062&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">63. Queralt N, Bartolom&eacute; R, Araujo R (2005) Detection of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> DNA in human faeces and water with different levels of faecal pollution in the north-east of Spain. <I>J. Appl. Microbiol. 98</I>: 889-895.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070965&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500063&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">64. Saito N, Konishi K, Sato F, Kato M, Takeda H, Sugiyama T, Asaka M (2003) Plural transformation-processes from spiral to coccoid <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> and its viability. <I>J. Infect. 46</I>: 49-55.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070966&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500064&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">65. Sasaki K, Tajiri Y, Sata M, Fujii Y, Matsubara F, Zhao M, Shimizu S, Toyonaga A, Tanikawa K (1999) <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> in the natural environment. <I>Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 31</I>: 275-279.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070967&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500065&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">66. Shahamat M, Mai U, Paszko-Kolva C, Kessel M, Colwell RR (1993) Development of two PCR-based techniques for detecting helical and coccoid forms of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I>. <I>J. Clin. Microbiol. 42</I>: 3613-3619.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070968&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500066&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">67. Sisto<B> </B>F, Brenciaglia MI, Scaltrito MM, Dubini F (2000) <I>Helicobacter pylori</I>: <I>ureA</I>, <I>cagA</I> and <I>vacA</I> expression during conversion to the coccoid form. <I>Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 15</I>: 277-282.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070969&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500067&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">68. Stark RM, Gerwig GJ, Pitman RS, Potts LF, Williams NA, Greenman J, Weinzweig IP, Hirst TR, Millar MR (1999) Biofilm formation by <I>Helicobacter pylori</I>. <I>Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 28</I>: 121-126.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070970&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500068&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">69. Thomas JE, Gibson GR, Darboe MK, Dale A, Weaver LT (1992) Isolation of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> from human faeces. <I>Lancet 340</I>: 1194-1195.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070971&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500069&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">70. Watson CL, Owen RJ, Said B, Lai S, Lee JV, Surman-Lee S, Nichols G (2004) Detection of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> by PCR but not culture in water and biofilm samples from drinking water distribution systems in England. <I>J. Appl. Microbiol. 97</I>: 690-698.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070972&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500070&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">71. West AP, Millar MR, Tompkins DS (1990) Survival of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I> in water and saline. <I>J. Clin. Pathol. 43</I>: 609.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070973&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500071&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P style="word-spacing: 0; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0" align="justify"><font face="Verdana" size="2">72. Winiecka-Krusnell J, Wreiber K, von Euler A, Engstrand L, Linder E (2002) Free-living amoebae promote growth and survival of <I>Helicobacter pylori</I>. <I>Scand. J. Infect. Dis</I>.<I> 34</I>: 253-256.</font>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1070974&pid=S0378-1844200800060000500072&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> ]]></body>
<back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Adams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bates]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Survival of Helicobacter pylori in a natural freshwater environment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appl. Env. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>7462-7466</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Krumholz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stahl]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Fluorescent-oligonucleotide probing of whole cells for determinative, phylogenetic, and environmental studies in microbiology]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Bacteriol.]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>172</volume>
<page-range>762-770</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vieira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keevil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CW]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Establishment of a continuous model system to study Helicobacter pylori survival in potable water biofilms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Water Sci. Technol.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>155-160</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pacheco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keevil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vieira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Nutrient shock and incubation atmosphere influence recovery of culturable Helicobacter pylori from water]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appl. Env. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>70</volume>
<page-range>490-493</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pacheco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keevil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vieira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Adhesion of water stressed Helicobacter pylori to abiotic surfaces]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Appl. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>101</volume>
<page-range>718-724</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almeida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerqueira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keevil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vieira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Coccoid form of Helicobacter pylori as a morphological manifestation of cell adaptation to the environment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appl. Env. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<month>a</month>
<volume>73</volume>
<page-range>3423-3427</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guimarães]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Figueiredo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keevil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vieira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A new model for the transmission of Helicobacter pylori: role of environmental reservoirs as gene pools to increase strain diversity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crit. Rev. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<month>b</month>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>157-169</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almeida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernandes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cerqueira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keevil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vieira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Survival of gastric and enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. in water: implications for transmission]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appl. Environ. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>74</volume>
<page-range>1805-1811</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hegarty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Presence of Helicobacter pylori in drinking water is associated with clinical infection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scand. J. Infect. Dis.]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>744-746</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bellack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koehoorn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacNab]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morshed]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A conceptual model of water’s role as a reservoir in Helicobacter pylori transmission: a review of the evidence]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Epidemiol. Infect.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>134</volume>
<page-range>439-449</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blaser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori and the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal inflammation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Infect. Dis.]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>161</volume>
<page-range>626-633</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Borroto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Survival of Vibrio cholerae O1 in freshwater surface and endemic cholera: a geological hypothesis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Rev. Panam. Salud Públ.]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>371-374</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Braganra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Azevedo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Simões]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Keevil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vieira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Use of fluorescent in situ hybridisation for the visualisation of Helicobacter pylori in real drinking water biofilms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Water Sci. Technol.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>387-393</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bunn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacKay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in drinking water biofilms: implications for transmission in early life]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lett. Appl. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>450-454</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Carbone]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maugeri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gugliandolo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[La Camera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biondo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Occurrence of Helicobacter pylori DNA in the coastal environment of southern Italy (Straits of Messina)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Appl. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<page-range>768-774</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cellini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DelVecchio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DiCandia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DiCampli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Favaro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donelli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Detection of free and plankton-associated Helicobacter pylori in seawater]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Appl. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<page-range>285-292</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cellini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DiCampli]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grande]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DiBartolomeo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prenna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pasquantonio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pane]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Detection of Helicobacter pylori associated with zooplancton]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Aquat. Microb. Ecol.]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>115-120</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chaput]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ecobichon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cayet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Girardin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Werts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guadagnini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prévost]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mengin-Lecreulx]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Labigne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boneca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Role of AmiA in the morphological transition of Helicobacter pylori and in immune escape]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[PLoS Pathog.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<page-range>844-851</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clyne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dolan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reeves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EP]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Bacterial factors that mediate colonization of the stomach and virulence of Helicobacter pylori]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[FEMS Microbiol. Lett.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>268</volume>
<page-range>135-143</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cole]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Harwood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[She]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guiney]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DG]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Characterization of monospecies biofilm formation by Helicobacter pylori]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Bacteriol.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>186</volume>
<page-range>3124-3132</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Davey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[O’toole]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>64</volume>
<page-range>847-867</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Degnan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sonzogni]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Standridge]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Development of a plating medium for selection of Helicobacter pylori from water samples]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appl. Env. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>2914-2918</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Domínguez-Bello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guelrud]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vivas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peraza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ME]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pericchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Short report: socioeconomic and seasonal variations of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients in Venezuela]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<page-range>49-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Drumm]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Pérez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Blaser]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sherman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Intrafamilial clustering of Helicobacter pylori infection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N. Engl. J. Med.]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>322</volume>
<page-range>359-63</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engstrand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter in water and waterborne routes of transmission]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Appl. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>90</volume>
<page-range>80S-84S</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enroth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engstrand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Immunomagnetic separation and PCR for detection of Helicobacter pylori in water and stool specimens]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Clin. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>2162-2165</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Faruque]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Biswas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Udden]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahmad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[QS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sack]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mekalanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Transmissibility of cholera: in vivo-formed biofilms and their relationship to infectivity and persistence in the environment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>103</volume>
<page-range>6350-6355</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Contreras]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gueneau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-Amado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Use of HP selective medium to detect Helicobacter pylori associated with other enteric bacteria in seawater and marine molluscs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lett. Appl. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<page-range>213-218</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Forman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Newell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fullerton]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yarnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stacey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sitas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Br. Med. J.]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>302</volume>
<page-range>1302-1305</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FrenckJr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clemens]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter in the developing world]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Microb. Infect.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>5</volume>
<page-range>705-713</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fujimura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kawamura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori in Japanese river water and its prevalence in Japanese children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lett. Appl. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>517-521</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Correa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TenganaAux]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeLany]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guerrero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pepinosa O]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Quiñones M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CollazosParra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori infection in the Colombian Andes: A population-based study of transmission pathways]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am. J. Epidemiol.]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>144</volume>
<page-range>290-299</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hegarty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dowd]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KH]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in surface water in the United States]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Appl. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<page-range>697-701</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hopkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vial]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreccio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ovalle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Prado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sotomayor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Russell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wasserman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morris]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JG Jr]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Chile: vegetables may serve as one route of transmission]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Infect. Dis.]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>168</volume>
<page-range>222-226</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horiuchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ohkusa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watanabe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kobayashi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miwa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eishi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori DNA in drinking water in Japan]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Microbiol. Immunol.]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<page-range>515-519</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<label>36</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hulten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Han]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enroth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Opekun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Evans]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engstrand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Zaatari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[FA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori in the drinking water in Peru]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Gastroenterology]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>110</volume>
<page-range>1031-1035</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<label>37</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hulten]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Enroth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nystrom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engstrand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Presence of Helicobacter species DNA in Swedish water]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Appl. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<page-range>282-286</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<label>38</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kivi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tindberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori occurrence and transmission: a family affair? Scand]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Infect. Dis.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>407-417</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<label>39</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Klein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gaillour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Opekun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EO]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Water source as risk factor for Helicobacter pylori infection in Peruvian children]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>337</volume>
<page-range>1503-1506</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<label>40</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kusters]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerrits]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[VanStrijp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vandenbroucke-Grauls]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CM]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori are the morphologic manifestation of cell death]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infect. Immun.]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>65</volume>
<page-range>3672-3679</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<label>41</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leclerc]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Schwartzbrod]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dei-Cas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Microbial agents associated with waterborne diseases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Crit. Rev. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>371-409</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<label>42</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huq]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colwell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effects of global climate on infectious disease: the cholera model]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Clin. Microbiol. Rev.]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>757-770</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<label>43</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lipp]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IN]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espeland]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Choopun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Louis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Russek-Cohen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Huq]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colwell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Direct detection of Vibrio cholerae and ctxA in Peruvian coastal water and plankton by PCR]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appl. Env. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>3676-3680</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<label>44</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Redlinger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avitia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Galindo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Goodman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Isolation and genotyping of Helicobacter pylori from untreated municipal wastewater]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appl. Env. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<page-range>1436-1439</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<label>45</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MacKay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gribbon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LT]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Biofilms in drinking water systems: a possible reservoir for Helicobacter pylori?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Appl. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>85</volume>
<page-range>52S-59S</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<label>46</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madinier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fosse]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monteil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Oral carriage of Helicobacter pylori: a review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Periodontol.]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<page-range>2-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<label>47</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Malaty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[El-Kasabany]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Graham]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DY]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Miller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reddy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Srinivasan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamaoka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berenson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Age at acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection: a follow-up study from infancy to adulthood]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>359</volume>
<page-range>931-935</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<label>48</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marshall]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McGechie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rogers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glancy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Pyloric Campylobacter infection and gastroduodenal disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Med. J. Aust.]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>142</volume>
<page-range>439-444</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<label>49</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazari-Hiriart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Vidal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo-Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ponce]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[de León S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cravioto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori and other enteric bacteria in freshwater environments in Mexico City]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Arch. Med. Res.]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>32</volume>
<page-range>458-467</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<label>50</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mazari-Hiriart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López-Vidal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ponce-de-León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojo-Callejas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Castillo-Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Longitudinal study of microbial diversity and seasonality in the Mexico City metropolitan area water supply system]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appl. Env. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<page-range>5129-5137</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<label>51</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McKeown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orr]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Macdonald]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kabani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Coghlan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dawood]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Embil]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sargent]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smart]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bernstein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CN]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori in the Canadian Arctic: Seroprevalence and detection in community water samples]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Am. J. Gastroenterol.]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>94</volume>
<page-range>1823-1829</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<label>52</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mizoguchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fujioka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kishi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nishizono]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kodama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nasu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Diversity in protein synthesis and viability of Helicobacter pylori coccoid forms in response to various stimuli]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infect. Immun.]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>66</volume>
<page-range>5555-5560</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<label>53</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Use of fluorescent in situ hybridization to evidence the presence of Helicobacter pylori in water]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Water Res.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>37</volume>
<page-range>2251-2256</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<label>54</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piqueres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrús]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Survival and viability of Helicobacter pylori after inoculation into chlorinated drinking water]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Water Res.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>3490-3496</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<label>55</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nagai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mimuro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yamada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baba]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nochi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kiyono]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suzuki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sasakawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Koyasu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Role of Peyer’s patches in the induction of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>104</volume>
<page-range>8971-8976</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<label>56</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Oliver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>93-100</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<label>57</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mackay]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[WG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reid]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DC]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter sp]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[recovered from drinking water biofilms sampled from a water distribution system. Water Res.]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>1624-1626</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<label>58</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parsonnet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Alim. Pharmacol. Ther.]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>45-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<label>59</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parsonnet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hansen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gelb]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AB]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warnke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jellum]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Orentreich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vogelman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N. Engl. J. Med.]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>330</volume>
<page-range>1267-1271</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<label>60</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Parsonnet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shmuely]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Haggerty]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Fecal and oral shedding of Helicobacter pylori from healthy infected adults]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[JAMA]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>282</volume>
<page-range>2240-2245</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<label>61</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Piqueres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alonso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferrus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[A combination of direct viable count and fluorescent in situ hybridization for estimating Helicobacter pylori cell viability]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Res. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>157</volume>
<page-range>345-349</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<label>62</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Queralt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Araujo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Analysis of the survival of H]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[pylori within a laboratory-based aquatic model system using molecular and classical techniques. Microb. Ecol.]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<page-range>771-777</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<label>63</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Queralt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bartolomé]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Araujo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in human faeces and water with different levels of faecal pollution in the north-east of Spain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Appl. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>98</volume>
<page-range>889-895</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<label>64</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Saito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Konishi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Takeda]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sugiyama]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Asaka]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Plural transformation-processes from spiral to coccoid Helicobacter pylori and its viability]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Infect.]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<page-range>49-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<label>65</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sasaki]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tajiri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fujii]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Matsubara]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhao]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shimizu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Toyonaga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tanikawa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori in the natural environment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scand. J. Infect. Dis.]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>275-279</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<label>66</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shahamat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[U]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paszko-Kolva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kessel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Colwell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Development of two PCR-based techniques for detecting helical and coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Clin. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>1993</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<page-range>3613-3619</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<label>67</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sisto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brenciaglia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Scaltrito]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dubini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Helicobacter pylori: ureA, cagA and vacA expression during conversion to the coccoid form]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<page-range>277-282</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<label>68</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stark]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerwig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pitman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Potts]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Williams]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[NA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Greenman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weinzweig]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[IP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hirst]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Millar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Biofilm formation by Helicobacter pylori]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lett. Appl. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>121-126</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<label>69</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Thomas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gibson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Darboe]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MK]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dale]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weaver]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LT]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from human faeces]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>340</volume>
<page-range>1194-1195</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<label>70</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Owen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[RJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Said]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lai]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Surman-Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nichols]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Detection of Helicobacter pylori by PCR but not culture in water and biofilm samples from drinking water distribution systems in England]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Appl. Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>97</volume>
<page-range>690-698</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<label>71</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[West]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Millar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tompkins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Survival of Helicobacter pylori in water and saline]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J. Clin. Pathol.]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>43</volume>
<page-range>609</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B72">
<label>72</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Winiecka-Krusnell]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wreiber]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[vonEuler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Engstrand]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Linder]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Free-living amoebae promote growth and survival of Helicobacter pylori]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scand. J. Infect. Dis.]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>34</volume>
<page-range>253-256</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
