<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0004-0622</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[ALAN]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0004-0622</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0004-06222002000400013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Concentraciones de calcio, magnesio, sodio y potasio en leche materna y fórmulas de inicio]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.M]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sanz Alaejos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz Romero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de La Laguna Departamento de Quimica Analitica, Nutricion y Bromatologia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[La Laguna Tenerife]]></addr-line>
<country>España</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2002</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>406</fpage>
<lpage>412</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0004-06222002000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0004-06222002000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0004-06222002000400013&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se han determinado las concentraciones de calcio, magnesio, sodio y potasio en 55 leches de madres canarias y en 5 marcas de fórmulas infantiles en polvo. Los datos obtenidos estaban dentro de los intervalos normales de cada tipo de leche. Las concentraciones medias de Ca, Mg, Na y K de las fórmulas infantiles fueron mayores que las de las leches maternas. Se han detectado diferencias significativas entre las concentraciones medias de Ca, Mg y Na en las distintas muestras de leche materna. Sólo la ingesta de Ca, de niños alimentados con leche materna, fue inferior a lo recomendado por el Food and Nutrition Board. (1) Sin embargo, los niños alimentados con fórmula comercial consumieron cantidades adecuadas de todos los metales estudiados. Se ha observado una disminución progresiva de las concentraciones de Na, K y Ca a lo largo del período de lactación. La edad materna, número y sexo de los hijos previos no afectaron significativamente a la concentración de los metales.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in human milk and infant formulas. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were determined in 55 samples of mature human milk from Canary women and 5 samples of powdered infant formula. According to the literature our data fell within the normal intervals described for each kind of milk. The mean concentration of Ca, Mg, Na y K of powdered infant formula was higher than those concentrations found in the human milks. Significant differences among the concentrations of Ca, Mg and Na for the milks of the considered mothers were observed. Only the Ca intakes for infants fed with human milk were lower than those requirements recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board (1989). However, the infants fed with powdered infant formula had an adequate intake of all the studied metals. A progressive decrease of the Na, K and Ca concentrations with the lactation stage was observed. Maternal age, parity and sex of the newborns did not affect the metal concentrations significantly.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Metales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[leche materna]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fórmulas de inicio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Metals]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[human milk]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[powdered infant formula]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[   <B><FONT SIZE=4>    <P ALIGN="CENTER">Concentraciones de calcio, magnesio, sodio y potasio en leche materna y f&oacute;rmulas de inicio</P> </B></FONT> <I>    <P ALIGN="CENTER">E.M. Rodr&iacute;guez Rodr&iacute;guez, M. Sanz Alaejos y C. D&iacute;az Romero</P> </I>     <P ALIGN="CENTER">Departamento de  Qu&iacute;mica Anal&iacute;tica, Nutrici&oacute;n y Bromatolog&iacute;a. Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna,Tenerife,  Espa&ntilde;a</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">RESUMEN. </P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Se han determinado las concentraciones de calcio, magnesio, sodio y potasio en 55 leches de madres canarias y en 5 marcas de f&oacute;rmulas infantiles en polvo. Los datos obtenidos estaban dentro de los intervalos normales de cada tipo de leche. Las concentraciones medias de Ca, Mg, Na y K de las f&oacute;rmulas infantiles fueron mayores que las de las leches maternas. Se han detectado diferencias significativas entre las concentraciones medias de Ca, Mg y Na en las distintas muestras de leche materna. S&oacute;lo la ingesta de Ca, de ni&ntilde;os alimentados con leche materna, fue inferior a lo recomendado por el Food and Nutrition Board. <B><SUP>(1)</B></SUP> Sin embargo, los ni&ntilde;os alimentados con f&oacute;rmula comercial consumieron cantidades adecuadas de todos los metales estudiados. Se ha observado una disminuci&oacute;n progresiva de las concentraciones de Na, K y Ca a lo largo del per&iacute;odo de lactaci&oacute;n. La edad materna, n&uacute;mero y sexo de los hijos previos no afectaron  significativamente a la concentraci&oacute;n de los metales.</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Palabras clave:</B> Metales, leche materna, f&oacute;rmulas de inicio.</P> <B>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">SUMMARY. </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in human milk and infant formulas. </B>Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were determined in 55 samples of mature human milk from Canary women and 5 samples of powdered infant formula. According to the literature our data fell within the normal intervals described for each kind of milk. The mean concentration of Ca, Mg, Na y K of powdered infant formula was higher than those concentrations found in the human milks. Significant differences among the concentrations of Ca, Mg and Na for the milks of the considered mothers were observed. Only the Ca intakes for infants fed with human milk were lower than those requirements recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board (1989). However, the infants fed with powdered infant formula had an adequate intake of all the studied metals. A progressive decrease of the Na, K and Ca concentrations with the lactation stage was observed. Maternal age, parity and sex of the newborns did not affect the metal concentrations significantly.</P> <B>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Key words:</B> Metals, human milk, powdered infant formula.</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Recibido: 27-02-2002  Aceptado: 14-08-2002</P> <B>    <P>INTRODUCCION</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; La leche materna y las f&oacute;rmulas l&aacute;cteas de inicio tienen gran importancia en nutrici&oacute;n infantil ya que son la &uacute;nica fuente de alimento para la mayor&iacute;a de ni&ntilde;os durante los primeros  meses de vida. Hay un inter&eacute;s creciente por el estudio de los minerales en la nutrici&oacute;n humana,  particularmente de ni&ntilde;os. As&iacute;, es esencial determinar los contenidos de minerales en leche materna y en f&oacute;rmulas infantiles, para que sabiendo la cantidad de leche ingerida poder determinar las ingestas de los elementos esenciales. Tambi&eacute;n, es interesante considerar su diferente biodisponibilidad tanto en la leche materna como en las f&oacute;rmulas comerciales, las cuales est&aacute;n basadas generalmente en leche de vaca modificada para asemejarse en la medida de lo posible a la leche humana. <B><SUP>(2-4)</P> </SUP> </B>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Los minerales presentes en la leche se clasifican en macro-y micro-elementos. Entre los macroelementos se incluyen Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg y P. El Ca es esencial para la construcci&oacute;n del esqueleto, por lo que tiene gran importancia durante toda la infancia y la adolescencia. Tambi&eacute;n, muchos cient&iacute;ficos parecen coincidir en que una ingesta adecuada de Ca durante las primeras etapas de vida es decisivo en la prevenci&oacute;n de la osteoporosis. <B><SUP>(5)</B></SUP> Los cationes electrol&iacute;ticos (Na y K) constituyen la bomba de Na-K en la membrana celular, la cual juega un papel importante en el metabolismo. Tambi&eacute;n se ha sugerido que la ingesta precoz elevada de Na predispone a padecer hipertensi&oacute;n. <B><SUP>(6)</B></SUP> Por ello, la determinaci&oacute;n de las concentraciones de Na y K en la leche materna y en las  f&oacute;rmulas infantiles es de gran inter&eacute;s m&eacute;dico.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tanto en la leche materna como en las f&oacute;rmulas l&aacute;cteas, el Na y el  K est&aacute;n en la fracci&oacute;n acuosa. Sin embargo, la presencia de Ca y Mg en la leche materna difiere de la f&oacute;rmula infantil, no s&oacute;lo en las cantidades, sino tambi&eacute;n en las especies qu&iacute;micas constituyentes. Esto se debe a diferencias en la fracci&oacute;n proteica de la leche humana y la de vaca. As&iacute;, el  Ca y el  Mg de las leches infantiles se asocian principalmente a la case&iacute;na. <B><SUP>(7)</B></SUP> Sin embargo, en la leche humana una proporci&oacute;n relativamente elevada de Ca (<FONT FACE=Symbol>&#187;</FONT> 16%) est&aacute; formando parte de la fracci&oacute;n lip&iacute;dica. En la fracci&oacute;n acuosa, la mayor&iacute;a del  Ca y el  Mg est&aacute;n asociados con las prote&iacute;nas del suero o con compuestos de bajo peso molecular. En la leche de humana hay poco Ca ligado a la case&iacute;na. <B><SUP>(8-9)</B></SUP> Estas diferencias en la estructura qu&iacute;mica de las especies constituyentes del contenido en Ca de las leches explican la elevada biodisponibilidad del Ca de la leche humana. Poiffait y Adrian <B><SUP>(3)</B></SUP> indican que el Ca de la leche humana es m&aacute;s biodisponible que el de la leche de vaca, debido probablemente al mayor contenido de Ca libre. Sin embargo, Shen et al. <B><SUP>(10)</B></SUP> encuentran que la biodisponibilidad del Ca no var&iacute;a significativamente entre la leche de vaca, la humana y la de cabra, y que se encuentra entre 18% y 23%.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; En este trabajo, se determinan las concentraciones de Ca, Mg, Na y K en leche de madres canarias y en f&oacute;rmulas infantiles. Se comparan las ingestas de los lactantes alimentados con leche materna y con las f&oacute;rmulas infantiles. Tambi&eacute;n se estudian las posibles influencias del estado de lactaci&oacute;n, la estaci&oacute;n del a&ntilde;o, y las propias diferencias entre las madres sobre las concentraciones de estos metales en la leche.</P> <B>     <P>MATERIAL Y METODOS</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Aparatos</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</B> Espectrofot&oacute;metro de absorci&oacute;n at&oacute;mica Varian Spectra AA-10 Plus equipado con l&aacute;mpara con sistema de correcci&oacute;n de fondo de D<SUB>2</SUB>. El Ca y el Mg se determinaron por espectrofotometr&iacute;a de absorci&oacute;n at&oacute;mica, utilizando una llama de acetileno-&oacute;xido nitroso y de aire-acetileno para Ca y Mg, respectivamente. El  Na y el K se determinaron por espectrometr&iacute;a de emisi&oacute;n utilizando una llama de aire-acetileno. Las condiciones de trabajo fueron las adecuadas para cada t&eacute;cnica y cada elemento.</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Reactivos y disoluciones</P> </B>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Las disoluciones standard de Ca, Mg, Na y K (g/l) fueron suministradas por Panreac (Pro AAS). Los est&aacute;ndares de trabajo se prepararon por diluci&oacute;n de estas disoluciones con agua milli-Q (Milipore-Super-Q system). Los &aacute;cidos n&iacute;trico y percl&oacute;rico fueron de calidad anal&iacute;tica. Todo el material de laboratorio se lav&oacute; con &aacute;cido n&iacute;trico al 10% y luego se enjuag&oacute; repetidas veces con agua milli-Q.</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Muestras de leche</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Leche materna: Se recogieron muestras de leche de 11 madres sanas voluntarias (21-35 a&ntilde;os de edad) residentes en Tenerife, durante el intervalo 1994-1996. Las muestras se recogieron a lo largo de  un per&iacute;odo de 2 semanas a 5 meses <I>post partum</I> (leche madura) cada 15 d&iacute;as si era posible. Cada muestra incluye una mezcla de las fracciones inicial y final de varias tomas representativas del d&iacute;a.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; F&oacute;rmula infantil en polvo: Se adquirieron tres muestras de 5 marcas diferentes de f&oacute;rmulas infantiles en polvo para ni&ntilde;os menores de seis meses, comercializadas en Espa&ntilde;a, en supermercados en Tenerife. Los procedimientos de muestreo y almacenaje est&aacute;n descritos  en un trabajo previo. <B><SUP>(11)</P> </SUP>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Preparaci&oacute;n de la muestra</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tres ml de leche (o 0,39 g de f&oacute;rmula infantil en polvo) y 10 ml de la mezcla &aacute;cida HNO<SUB>3</SUB>:HClO<SUB>4</SUB> (9:1) se dispusieron en un vaso de precipitados tapado y se dejaron reposar toda la noche. A la ma&ntilde;ana siguiente, se calent&oacute; lentamente esta mezcla &aacute;cida en una placa calefactora a 160-170<FONT FACE=Symbol>&#176;</FONT> C hasta aparici&oacute;n de humos de HClO<SUB>4</SUB>. Esta disoluci&oacute;n se transfiri&oacute; cuantitativamente a un matraz aforado y se afor&oacute; a 10 ml con agua milli-Q. Despu&eacute;s esta  disoluci&oacute;n se diluy&oacute; diez veces con cloruro de lantano para obtener una concentraci&oacute;n final de 10 g/l en lantano, con objeto de eliminar la interferencia causada por la ionizaci&oacute;n en la llama. </P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; La exactitud se comprob&oacute; analizando un suero de referencia certificado (Seronorm<SUP>TM</SUP> Trace Elements Serum; SERO AS N-1375 Billingstad, Norway) que indicaba valores recomendados de 3200, 158, 89 y 20,0 mg/l para Na, K, Ca y Mg, respectivamente. Las recuperaciones obtenidas en nueve ensayos fueron 98,6±3,25% para Na, 100,7±3,05% para K, 99,7±3,9% para Ca, y 99.2±3.3% para Mg. La precisi&oacute;n se determin&oacute; analizando una mezcla de nueve muestras iguales de suero obteniendo coeficientes de variaci&oacute;n de 4,1%, 3,1%, 3,9 y 33% (dentro de un d&iacute;a) para Na, K, Ca y Mg respectivamente.</P> <B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">Estudio estad&iacute;stico</P> </B>    <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Todos los an&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;sticos han sido realizados usando el programa estad&iacute;stico SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) para Windows 10.0. Se aplic&oacute; el Test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para evaluar si las variables ten&iacute;an una distribuci&oacute;n normal. A continuaci&oacute;n se aplic&oacute; un an&aacute;lisis de varianza (ANOVA) a todas las variables cuantitativas estudiadas para comparar los valores medios obtenidos, considerando que existen diferencias significativas entre los valores medios cuando la comparaci&oacute;n estad&iacute;stica daba valores de p&lt;0,05.</P> <B>    <P>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSION</P> </B>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Las concentraciones medias de Ca, Mg, Na y K en leche materna y f&oacute;rmula infantil de inicio para todas las muestras y de cada madre se recogen en la <a href="#tab1">Tabla 1</a>. Se detectan diferencias significativas (P&lt;0.05) entre las concentraciones medias de Ca, Mg y Na para las muestras dadas por las 11 madres consideradas, lo cual est&aacute; de acuerdo con Anderson <B><SUP>(5)</B></SUP> y Arnaud et al. <B><SUP>(12)</B></SUP> Sin embargo, no se encuentran diferencias significativas para el  K.</P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><a name="tab1"></a><b>TABLA 1</b></P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">Concentraciones medias y desviaciones est&aacute;ndar de Na, Mg, Na y Mg</P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></P>     <CENTER>     <div align="center">   <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLSPACING=1> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">Leche</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">Edad</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">N</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">Na (mg/l)</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">K (mg/l)</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">Ca (mg/l)</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">Mg (mg/l)</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">A)  Materna</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">       <p style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">       <p style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">       <p style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">       <p style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">       <p style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">       <p style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">1</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">29</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">2</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">92,65±5,02</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">503,9±21,7</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">372,6±59,0</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">39,65±0,35</font></TD> </TR> </CENTER> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P align="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">2</font></TD>       <CENTER> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">21</font></TD> </CENTER> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P align="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">2</font></TD>       <CENTER> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">292,9±111</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">682,3±16,9</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">315,0±2,0</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">35,40±3,25</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">3</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">33</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">11</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">109,4±27,7</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">647,7±73,2</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">317,2±37,8</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">49,78±6,06</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">4</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">31</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">8</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">130,5±21,8</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">645,5±115</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">291,0±21,8</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">48,69±2,67</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">5</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">32</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">8</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">116,5±37,7</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">570,0±151</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">312,2±42,3</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">34,48±9,70</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">6</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">35</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">7</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">135,5±60,8</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">641,0±146,9</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">320,5±38,5</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">37,80±7,70</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">7</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">26</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">6</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">147,4±71,2</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">524,3±106</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">308,8±28,8</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">31,58±6,22</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">8</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">28</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">5</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">277,7±44,7</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">550,0±65,1</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">372,2±28,8</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">37,62±3,81</font></TD> </TR> </CENTER> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P align="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">9</font></TD>       <CENTER> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">30</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">2</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">198,6±37,5</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">578,0±39,7</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">220,1±10,2</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">21,95±2,05</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">10</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">32</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">3</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">412,4±66,8</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">555,1±183</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">242,4±67,1</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">40,03±12,6</font></TD> </TR> </CENTER> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P align="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">11</font></TD>       <CENTER> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">27</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">1</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">338,8</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">756,7</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">414,2</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">42,80</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">Total</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">       <p style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">55</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">162,8±90,1</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">(49-906)</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">602,7±118,5</font></P>     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">(323-864)</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">313,3±52,9</font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">(196-414)</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">40,11±9,75</font></P>     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">(21-60)</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP" COLSPAN=7>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">B) F&oacute;rmula infantil en polvo</font></P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">1</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">       <p style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">1</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">274,1</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">777,2</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">735</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">36,3</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">2</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">       <p style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">1</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">296,3</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">866,3</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">789</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">71,8</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">3</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">1</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">153,7</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">741,5</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">524</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">12,1</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">4</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">       <p style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">1</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">213,0</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">663,1</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">848</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">51,9</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">5</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">       <p style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">1</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">178,7</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">787,9</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">445</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">33,7</font></TD> </TR> <TR><TD VALIGN="TOP">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">Total</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">       <p style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</p>   </TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">5</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">223,2±60,9</font></P>     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">(153-296)</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">767,2±73,9</font></P>     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">(663-866)</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">668,3±205,4</font></P>     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">(445-848)</font></TD> <TD VALIGN="TOP">     <P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">41,2±22,3</font></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="center" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><font size="3">(2-72 )</font></TD> </TR> </TABLE> </div> </CENTER> <DIR> <DIR>      <P ALIGN="center"><b><font size="3">Entre par&eacute;ntesis, m&iacute;nimo-m&aacute;ximo.</font></b></P> </DIR> </DIR>      <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Las diferencias individuales en la concentraci&oacute;n de Ca, Mg y K en la leche humana no pueden explicarse como consecuencia de las diferencias en la ingesta materna. Se ha indicado que las ingestas de Na y Mg de la madre no afectan a la concentraci&oacute;n de Na <B><SUP>(13-15)</B></SUP> y de Mg <B><SUP>(16-18)</B></SUP> en la leche. An&aacute;logamente, la concentraci&oacute;n de Ca en la leche  materna no depende de la ingesta de Ca  en madres bien nutridas. <B><SUP>(18-23)</B></SUP> As&iacute;, los hijos de madres de Nepal, con ingestas insuficientes de Ca (<FONT FACE=Symbol>&#187;</FONT>  40% de las recomendaciones diet&eacute;ticas) <B><SUP>(1)</B></SUP> tuvieron un crecimiento normal. La resorci&oacute;n &oacute;sea se produce en las madres para mantener la concentraci&oacute;n l&aacute;ctea de Ca. <B><SUP>(22)</B></SUP> Por el contrario, Greer et al. <B><SUP>(16)</B></SUP> encontraron una correlaci&oacute;n positiva  entre la ingesta materna de Ca y la concentraci&oacute;n de Ca en la leche. La leche de madres africanas contiene concentraciones menores de Ca que las del Reino Unido, estas &uacute;ltimas con ingestas superiores de este elemento. <B><SUP>(24,25)</B></SUP> Por todo esto, deben existir otros factores no identificados que causan diferencias importantes entre la leche materna de distintas madres. <B><SUP>(24-26)</P> </SUP> </B>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Comparando estad&iacute;sticamente los valores de leche materna con los de las f&oacute;rmulas infantiles en polvo, se observa que las concentraciones medias de Ca y K en las f&oacute;rmulas son significativamente (p&lt;0.05) mayores que las encontradas en la leche materna, lo cual es la consecuencia obvia de las mayores concentraciones de Ca y K en las leches de vaca empleadas en la elaboraci&oacute;n de las  f&oacute;rmulas infantiles. Tambi&eacute;n las concentraciones de Mg y Na en las f&oacute;rmulas infantiles son mayores que en la leche materna, aunque en este caso las diferencias no son significativas. La concentraci&oacute;n menor de Ca en leche humana con respecto a la leche de vaca puede explicar la mayor biodisponibilidad del Fe en la leche humana. <B><SUP>(27)</B></SUP> As&iacute;, el marcado efecto inhibitorio del Ca sobre la absorci&oacute;n del Fe deber&iacute;a tenerse en cuenta al dise&ntilde;ar f&oacute;rmulas l&aacute;cteas infantiles para alcanzar un balance &oacute;ptimo en los contenidos de Ca y Fe. <B><SUP>(27)</P> </SUP> </B>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; La mineralizaci&oacute;n &oacute;sea es similar en ni&ntilde;os alimentados de modo natural o con f&oacute;rmulas, como observan Hillman et al. <B><SUP>(28)</B></SUP> y Mimouni et al. <B><SUP>(29)</B></SUP> As&iacute;, la concentraci&oacute;n de Ca en las f&oacute;rmulas podr&iacute;a reducirse a niveles pr&oacute;ximos a los de la leche humana comprobando que la homeostasis y la mineralizaci&oacute;n &oacute;sea sean adecuadas.<B><SUP> (30)</B></SUP> Sin embargo, deben tener en consideraci&oacute;n las posibles diferencias en la biodisponibilidad de las especies qu&iacute;micas de Ca presentes en las f&oacute;rmulas l&aacute;cteas con respecto a la leche materna.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Las ingestas de Ca, Mg, Na y K de los beb&eacute;s lactantes alimentados con leche materna y con f&oacute;rmula infantil se calcularon suponiendo una toma de 750 ml de leche al d&iacute;a. Las f&oacute;rmulas infantiles cubren las recomendaciones propuestas por Food and Nutrition Board <B><SUP>(1)</B></SUP> para Ca, Mg, Na y K en ni&ntilde;os entre 0 y 6 meses. Tambi&eacute;n la leche materna cubre las ingestas recomendadas para Na, K y Mg. Sin embargo, la ingesta media de los ni&ntilde;os canarios criados con leche materna (234 mg Ca/d&iacute;a) es mucho menor que la ingesta recomendada (400 µg Ca/d&iacute;a). <B><SUP>(1)</P> </SUP> </B>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; La <a href="#tab2">Tabla 2</a> recoge datos sobre las concentraciones de Ca, Mg, Na y K en leche materna y en f&oacute;rmulas infantiles publicados en otros pa&iacute;ses. Se observa una gran variaci&oacute;n en los datos referidos a las f&oacute;rmulas infantiles. Esto podr&iacute;a ser debido a procesos de elaboraci&oacute;n o a la forma de expresi&oacute;n de los resultados seg&uacute;n se considere en peso seco o en leche reconstituida. Las concentraciones de Na determinadas en leche materna en este trabajo son similares a los valores obtenidos en la misma etapa de lactaci&oacute;n en otros pa&iacute;ses <B><SUP>(23)</B></SUP> y son menores que los encontrados en USA (34) y Francia. <B><SUP>(3)</B></SUP> La mayor&iacute;a de los datos referentes al K en leche materna madura publicados entran en el intervalo 450-550 mg/l. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo son similares o ligeramente mayores que los referidos por la mayor&iacute;a de pa&iacute;ses (<a href="#tab2">Tabla 2</a>). Por otra parte, las concentraciones de los metales alcalinot&eacute;rreos son similares o ligeramente superiores (Mg) que la mayor&iacute;a de los datos encontrados en la literatura.</P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER"><IMG SRC="/img/fbpe/alan/v52n4/art13img1.gif" WIDTH=580 HEIGHT=623 align="center"></P>     
<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; No hay acuerdo sobre la evoluci&oacute;n de la concentraci&oacute;n de Na y K en la leche materna durante la lactaci&oacute;n. As&iacute;, Keenan et al. <B><SUP>(40)</B></SUP> y Nagra <B><SUP>(41)</B></SUP> indican que durante la lactancia normal madura, las concentraciones de Na y K en la leche materna var&iacute;an poco o no var&iacute;an con el estado de lactaci&oacute;n. En contraste, Dewey y L&ouml;nnerdal <B><SUP>(34)</B></SUP> y Poiffait y Adrian <B><SUP>(3)</B></SUP> observan una disminuci&oacute;n de la concentraci&oacute;n de estos metales con el tiempo de lactaci&oacute;n. Las concentraciones de Na y K cambian inversamente con el volumen total de leche secretada; as&iacute;, el beb&eacute; criado con leche materna es protegido de cambios en la cantidad de Na aportada que podr&iacute;an causar hipo- o hipernatremia. <B><SUP>(3)</P> </B></SUP>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Los cambios en las concentraciones medias y sus desviaciones est&aacute;ndar de Na y K en las muestras de leche materna con el tiempo de lactaci&oacute;n se recogen en la <a href="#fig1">Figura 1</a>. Los valores expresados en esta figura representan un promedio de los valores obtenidos para cada uno de los tiempos considerados. Se observa que la concentraci&oacute;n media de Na decae significativamente (P&lt;0.05) desde la segunda semana de lactaci&oacute;n (281±66 mg Na/l) hasta la semana d&eacute;cima (97±3 mg Na/l). Despu&eacute;s, la concentraci&oacute;n de Na se mantiene relativamente constante hasta la semana 21, observ&aacute;ndose entonces una disminuci&oacute;n importante en las semanas siguientes. Con respecto a la concentraci&oacute;n de K, no se observan tendencias claras durante el tiempo de lactaci&oacute;n, s&oacute;lo un descenso  significativo producido en el primer mes de lactaci&oacute;n, coincidiendo con lo observado por Atkinson. <B><SUP>(42)</P> </SUP> </B>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; En la <a href="#fig1">Figura 1</a> tambi&eacute;n se muestra la evoluci&oacute;n de las concentraciones de Ca y Mg en la leche materna con el tiempo de lactaci&oacute;n. En el caso del Ca se observan grandes variaciones en su concentraci&oacute;n. As&iacute;, el contenido disminuye hasta la tercera semana, despu&eacute;s de la cuarta semana, la concentraci&oacute;n de Ca permanece constante hasta la semana 19 y finalmente vuelve a disminuir significativamente.</P>     <blockquote>       <blockquote>         <blockquote>     <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><a name="fig1"></a><b>FIGURA 1</b></P>     <P ALIGN="CENTER" style="line-height: 100%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">Cambios en las concentraciones de Na, K, Ca y Mg en la leche humana con el estado de lactaci&oacute;n (semanas)</P>     </blockquote>   </blockquote> </blockquote> <FONT FACE="Times" SIZE=2>    <P ALIGN="CENTER"><IMG SRC="/img/fbpe/alan/v52n4/art13img2.gif" WIDTH=336 HEIGHT=322 align="center"></P> </FONT>    
<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nuestros resultados son comparables a los obtenidos por Suzuki et al. <B><SUP>(43)</B></SUP> Estos autores encuentran una disminuci&oacute;n de la concentraci&oacute;n de Ca en la leche de transici&oacute;n y posterior recuperaci&oacute;n progresiva en la leche madura. Entre los d&iacute;as 150-200, la concentraci&oacute;n de Ca disminuye otra vez. An&aacute;logamente, Greer et al. <B><SUP>(16)</B></SUP> y Karra et al. <B><SUP>(17)</B></SUP> observan un incremento desde el primer  mes al segundo o tercero, y despu&eacute;s, una disminuci&oacute;n progresiva. Tambi&eacute;n Karra et al., <B><SUP>(17,44)</B></SUP> Laskey et al., <B><SUP>(26)</B></SUP> Prentice y Barclay, <B><SUP>(25)</B></SUP> y Vaughan et al. <B><SUP>(18)</B></SUP> se&ntilde;alan que la concentraci&oacute;n de Ca en la leche materna disminuye en estados m&aacute;s tard&iacute;os de lactaci&oacute;n. Por el contrario, Dewey y L&ouml;nnerdal, <B><SUP>(34)</B></SUP> Neville et al. <B><SUP>(45)</B></SUP> y Poiffait y Adrian <B><SUP>(3)</B></SUP> no encuentran cambios en la concentraci&oacute;n de Ca en la leche materna despu&eacute;s del segundo mes de lactaci&oacute;n. La concentraci&oacute;n de Mg en la leche materna aumenta ligeramente despu&eacute;s de la segunda semana de lactaci&oacute;n hasta la semana d&eacute;cima, permaneciendo despu&eacute;s relativamente constante. Resultados an&aacute;logos fueron obtenidos por Dewey y L&ouml;nnerdal <B><SUP>(34)</B></SUP> y Karra et al., <B><SUP>(17)</B></SUP> quienes observan un peque&ntilde;o aumento en la concentraci&oacute;n de Mg en la leche materna entre los meses primero y tercero, y despu&eacute;s esta concentraci&oacute;n se mantiene casi constante. Tambi&eacute;n, Suzuki et al. <B><SUP>(43)</B></SUP> se&ntilde;alan una disminuci&oacute;n entre las semanas primera y tercera. Pero el aumento observado en la leche materna madura no coincide con los resultados obtenidos por los primeros autores y por nosotros.</P>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; La edad materna, n&uacute;mero de embarazos previos y sexo de los hijos no influyen significativamente en las concentraciones de Na, K, Ca y Mg de la leche materna. <B><SUP>(25-26)</B></SUP> Sin embargo, se observa una disminuci&oacute;n de los contenidos de Ca y Na con el n&uacute;mero de hijos previos. Las madres m&aacute;s j&oacute;venes (&lt;28 a&ntilde;os) presentan concentraciones mayores de Na, K y Ca que las de edad superior a 28 a&ntilde;os.</P> <B>    <P>CONCLUSIONES</P> </B>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Las concentraciones medias de Ca y K de las leches en polvo son significativamente mayores que las de las leches maternas. Las concentraciones medias de Mg y Na son ligeramente mayores en las f&oacute;rmulas infantiles. Se han detectado diferencias significativas entre las concentraciones de Ca, Mg y Na en las muestras de leche materna. Se ha observado una disminuci&oacute;n progresiva de las concentraciones de Na, K y Ca a lo largo del per&iacute;odo de lactaci&oacute;n.</P> <B>     <P>AGRADECIMIENTOS</P> </B>     <P ALIGN="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Este trabajo se ha financiado en parte con ayuda del  Gobierno Aut&oacute;nomo de Canarias (Proyecto de investigaci&oacute;n No. 22/95). Elena Mª Rodr&iacute;guez desea agradecer al Gobierno Aut&oacute;nomo de Canarias la concesi&oacute;n de una beca para realizar la parte experimental de su tesis doctoral. 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