1316-4821 1316-4821 S1316-48212025000100009 10.47460/uct.v29i126.876 Peru Peru Peru Peru Peru 00 01 2025 00 01 2025 29 126 9 18

1 Instituto Nacional Electoral 2022 2 Transparency International 2024 3 2018 160 2 2 1-12 4 2019 47 1-35 5 2015 6 2004 7 2018 28 1 1 16-32 8 1979 9 2018 160 2 2 1-12 10 1997 41 3 3 999-1029 11 2019 1-9 12 2019 1-8 13 2019 81 349-84 14 2018 54 1 1 163-89 15 2019 6 43 43 1-21 16 2002 17 1995 18 2003 19 2000 20 1997