Abstract

ROJAS MARCANO, Ileana et al. Hidratación parenteral. Arch Venez Puer Ped [online]. 2009, vol.72, n.4, pp.154-162. ISSN 0004-0649.

Oral rehydration is the method of choice for mild to moderate dehydration secondary to diarrhea. Intravenous hydration is indicated in hypovolemic shock, severe dehydration, severe hyponatremia or hypernatremia, persistent vomiting, paralytic ileus, in dehydrated patients with impaired consciousness or seizures, and when there is clinical deterioration or no improvement after 8 hours of oral rehydration. Intravenous hydration varies depending on the severity, type of dehydration (isonatrémic, hyponatremic or hypernatremic) and associated ion and acid-base deficits. It is performed in 2 phases: the first is the emergency phase to restore blood volume in cases of hypovolemic shock and the second phase to replenish deficits and to supply maintenance requirements and concurrent loss of fluid and electrolytes. Basal needs are calculated by the method of Holliday and Segar, and for patients weighing more than 30 kg. the patient's body surface is employed as the base for calculations. Fluid and electrolyte deficits are estimated according to specific schemes and formulas. Common complications of dehydration (metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia) should also be addressed with specific indications. Intravenous rehydration in the newborn with dehydration secondary to diarrhea is the same as in infants, but the particular electrolyte balance at this age should be considered in order to avoid complications. Examples of calculations for intravenous hydration for each type of dehydration (isonatrémic, hyponatremic and hypernatremic) are given.

Keywords : diarrhea; dehydration; intravenous fluids; rehydration; electrolyte; acid-base.