Resumen

TANTALEAN CHAVEZ, Yuri  y  APAZA MENDOZA, Jackeline Petronila. TECHNICAL AND LEGAL BARRIERS TO THE INTERNATIONAL HARMONIZATION OF AUTHENTICATION PROTOCOLS IN SMART CONTRACTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Aula Virtual [online]. 2026, vol.7, n.14, e669.  Epub 20-Abr-2026. ISSN 2665-0398.  https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19411470.

Blockchain technology has driven the development of smart contracts as instruments capable of automating the execution of contractual obligations in digital environments, especially in cross-border transactions. However, the lack of harmonized technical and legal frameworks for authenticating contractual intent has generated uncertainty surrounding their validity and international recognition, affecting legal certainty and limiting their global adoption. In this context, the objective of this article was to identify the technical and legal barriers that impede the international harmonization of authentication protocols for smart contracts, analyzing in an integrated manner the technological, regulatory, and institutional obstacles described in the scientific literature. To this end, a systematic review article was developed, following the PRISMA protocol guidelines, through a structured search in the Scopus database and the selection of peer-reviewed studies published between 2021 and 2026, in English and Spanish. The results showed that the main barriers are concentrated in the lack of interoperability and technical standardization, regulatory fragmentation between jurisdictions, and deficits in governance and regulatory coordination at the international level. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that the international harmonization of authentication protocols in smart contracts requires comprehensive approaches that integrate technological innovation, uniform legal recognition, and multi-level governance mechanisms, constituting a central challenge for the secure and effective development of automated digital commerce.

Palabras clave : Smart contracts; contractual authentication; international harmonization; technical-legal barriers; regulatory governance.

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