COCOA AND CLASSICAL MUSIC: EFFECT ON ANXIETY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN WISTAR RATS

Cacao y música clásica: efecto sobre ansiedad y actividad antioxidante en ratas Wistar

 

Anice Milbratz de Camargo, Henriquebonde, Débora Delwing Dal Magro, Daniela Delwing de Lima, Luciane Coutinho de Azevedo Campanella

Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. Regional University of Blumenau

(FURB), Blumenau, SC, Brazil. University of Joinville Region (UNIVILLE), Joinville, SC, Brazil.

SUMMARY

The effect of cocoa powder and subchronic exposure to classical music in Wistar rats behavior on an xiety evaluation tests and their antioxidant activity was evaluated. The animals were divided into four groups: control group (CG), cocoa powder group (CPG), music group (MG) and cocoa powder with music group (CPMG). During 15 days, CPG and CPMG received commercial non alkalized cocoa powder daily (66 mg total polyphenols / g of product, by oral gavage), while MG and CPMG were exposed to the music of Mozart (Serenade N.10 in B flat major for woodwinds and bass, "Gran partita" K.361 / 370a, Largo movement, 8:35 mi nutes long). At the end of the experiment, the animals were submitted to elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tests, and serum analysis of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances index (TBA RS) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismu tase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px). Ani mals from MG and CPMG groups showed the highest total horizontal locomotion and more time spent at the central area and reduced immobility time at the OF. The TBA RS average of the treated groups were lower than the GC. The average activity of CAT was higher in CPMG than the others, and the average activity of SOD and GSH Px were higher only in CPG and CPMG. We concluded that the treatment with this classical music sho wed mild anxiolytic activity. Both treatments (cocoa and music) improved serum antioxidant status, but the peri pheral activity of different serum enzymes was mainly improved by the cocoa powder.

Key words: Cocoa powder, classical music, anxiety, elevated plus maze, open field, oxidative stress.

RESUMEN.

Se evaluó el efecto de cacao en polvo y la exposición subcrónica a la música clásica sobre el comportamiento de ratas Wistar en pruebas de evaluación de la ansiedad y su actividad antioxidante. Los animales fueron divididos en cuatro grupos: control (GC), cacao en polvo (GCP), música (GM) y cacao en polvo con música (GCPM). Durante 15 días, GCP y GCPM recibieron cacao en polvo comercial no alcalinizado diariamente (66 mg de polifenoles totales / g de producto, mediante una sonda nasogástrica), mientras que GM y GCPM fueron expuestos a la música de Mozart (Serenata N.10 em Si bemol mayor, "Gran Partita" K.361 / 370a, movimiento Largo, 8:35 minutos de du ración). Al final del experimento, los animales fueron some tidos a las pruebas de laberinto en cruz elevado (LCE) y de campo abierto (CA), y el análisis sérica del índice de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA RS) y la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes catalasa (CAT), superóxido dis mutasa (SOD) y glutatión peroxidasa (GSH Px). Los animales GM y GCPM mostraron la mayor locomoción horizontal, más tiempo en la zona central y un tiempo reducido de inmovilidad en el CA. El TBA RS promedio de los grupos tratados fue más bajo que el control. La actividad media de CAT fue mayor para GCPM que los otros, y la actividad media de la SOD y GSH Px fueron mayores sólo en GCP y GCPM. Concluimos que el tratamiento con esta música clásica mostró modesta ac tividad ansiolítica. Ambos tratamientos (cacao y música) mejoraron el estado antioxidante en suero, pero la actividad periférica de diferentes enzimas fue mejorada principalmente por acción del cacao.

Palabras clave: Cacao en polvo, música clásica, ansiedad, laberinto en cruz elevado, campo abierto, estrés oxidativo.

Recibido: 07 11 2016 Aceptado: 17 01 2017

INTRODUCTION

Anxiety is an unpleasant emotional state, asso ciated to ill being, discomfort, worry or fear of any defined or undefined future threat. Although it is a na tural reaction to stress, when it is excessive or out of pro portion to the stimulus, it is considered pathological (1). The occurrence of mental disorders, among them an xiety, have increased globally along the years. When analyzed as a group, mental and neurological disorders and also those recurring from substance abuse, these accounts for 13% of worldwide illnesses in the year of 2004 and are, today, the fastest growing health related issues. An amount of 16,3 trillion dollars is estimated to be spent on health problems associated to mental di sorders between the years of 2011 and 2030 (2). Additionally, aggravating this situation are the side effects of the drugs used to treat anxiety, such as: headache, nausea, blurred vision, tachycardia, dizziness, fainting, hypotension, hypertension, diarrhea, drowsiness, in somnia andv
omiting (3).

Faced with these challenges it is both, understanda ble and necessary, to broaden the range of treatment options or complement them, in areas such as phyto therapy, nutrition and diversified complementary the rapies (4). Some foods are of target interest and show good perspectives, but in order for them to be indicated for use, scientific comprobation is necessary.

Cocoa powder, a sub product of the Theobroma cacao L. fruit, shows high levels of bioactive com pounds, taking into consideration that it has a larger proportion of cocoa solids. When it is not alkalized du ring processing it shows significant amounts of polyphenols like flavonoids, epicatechins, catechins, proanthocyanidins and quercetin derivatives, and methylxanthines like theobromine and caffeine (5). Due to its composition, it offers many applications, such as: antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antithromboge nic, fibrinolytic, immunomodulatory and antitumoral (6,7). Although still poorly explored, recent evidence has been found of the antidepressant and anxiolytic ef fects of cocoa. These were found in pre clinical studies through behavioral testing on animals (8 10) and more modestly on humans trials (11). These effects were as sociated to cocoa's complex composition, but mostly due polyphenols.

Music is a complementary therapy that has been used by humanity for thousands of years and scientific studies which indicate music as a therapeutic method for many conditions have emerged (4). Many studies describe that music causes metabolic alterations to the regulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA), the sympathetic nervous system and the im mune system, besides reducing anxiety (12,13). Clas sical music, particularly by Mozart, has demonstrated effects on cortisol levels (14,15), modulation of the HPA axis as well as the immune system (16) in hu mans. Experimental studies with the exposure to music from this particular composer showed reduction of hypertension (17) and anxiety isolatedly in rodents (18) and also when combined with medication (19).

Both, human and animal organisms, respond to physical and psychological stress through behavioral and physiological defenses (13). Growing evidences indicate that oxidative stress plays causal role in the development of anxious behavior on rats (20 23) and due to the fact that cocoa has conferred antioxidant ef fects and as well as classical music it may work as a potential anxiolytic, this study sought toverify the ef fects of an adjoint intervention of these two factors on Wistar rats behavior when submitted to the elevated plus maze (EPM) and also to the open field (OF) tests, anxiety evaluation models, associating it to the peripheral antioxidant defense.

METHODS

Animals

A total of 24 male genetically heterogeneous albino Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), 3 to 5 months and weighing 225 g on average (SD = 9 g), were obtained from the animal house of the Regional University of Blumenau. After arrival in thevivarium of the labora tory, these animals were housed individually in opaque plastic cage (0.5 x 0.3 x 0.15 m) with wood shaving bedding and wire mesh tops. They were housed under a standard (12 h/12 h light/dark; cycle lights on at 7:00 AM), in a temperature controlled environment (23 ± 1ºC), with a 50 dB background sound level, and 55±10% relative humidity. During the entire experi mental period, the animals received standard commer cial chow for rodents (Nuvital®) and filtered tap water ad libitum. The room was visited on an average of once every 2 or 3 days for cleaning cages, and to provide food and water. The animals were acclimated to the animal housing facilities for 1 week before the experi ments began. This study was approved by the univer sity Ethics Committee for Animal Research (CEUA) by the protocol No. 125/14. The experiments were per formed in compliance with the recommendations of thebrazilian Society of Neuroscience and Behavior (SBNeC), which arebased on the United States Natio nal Institutes of Health Guide for Care and Use of La boratory Animals.

Treatment

The animals were divided into four groups: control group (CG), cocoa powder group (CPG), music group (MG) and cocoa powder with music group (CPMG); each comprising six animals. During the intervention period, which lasted 15 days, the animals of CPG and CPMG groups received once a day, between 12:00 and 1:00 PM daily, non alkalized cocoa powder solubili zed in water (by oral gavage). The commercial non alkalized cocoa powder (natural) (66 mg total polyphenols / g of product) was purchased from Brazilcoa® and has its origins in thebrazilian states of Bahia, Espírito Santo and Rondônia. Each animal re ceived 2.5 mL of solution containing 134 mg of cocoa powder / kg of animal weight, diluted in water at a ratio of 0.03 g: 2.47 mL (cocoa powder : water). The solution was daily prepared immediately prior to ad ministration and with the aid of a magnetic stirrer at 625 rpm (Quimis® model Q261 2) and a precision ba lance (Marte Científica® model AS1000). The solution contains about 8.86 mg total polyphenols / kg body weight, the minimal dose at which changes were observed in behavioral tests (8). The CG and MG ani mal groups received 2.5 mL of placebo (by oral gavage) containing corn starch in replacement of the cocoa powder. The chemical composition of both so lutions is presented in Table 1. Corn starch was used as placebo to ensure that the infusion time (gavage) was the same for control and treatment groups, giving density to the solution. This was an important consi deration as the gavage procedure can generate cause stress to the animals.

The rats of MG and CPMG groups were exposed to classical music for 5 hours / day between 1:00 and 6:00 PM, during the 15 days of trial. Mozart's music (Serenade N.10 in B flat major for woodwinds and bass, "Gran partita" K.361 / 370a, Largo movement, 8:35 minutes long) was continuous and repeated in a CD player (compact disc) (19). The speaker had a fre quency range of 100 16000 Hz and the music room had a sound level of 65 75 dB. The silent room where the animals of CG and CPG groups stayed had no music and its sound level was 50 dB (ambient noise).

Body weight and food intake

The animals body weight was measured on the first and last day of the intervention and food consumption was measured three times a week on alternate days and then, the weekly average was calculated. In both pro cedures, a precision scale was used (Marte Científica® model AS1000).

Behavioral tests

On the last day of intervention all animals were in dividually subjected to the EPM and OF tests in a sound isolated room, during the light phase of the cycle (between 1:00 and 4:00 PM). To minimize possible cir cadian influences, the experimental and control observations were alternated. The observer stayed in the same room approximately one meter away from each apparatus and recorded the tests with a video camera (Panasonic® PV GS150 model) for later behavioral analysis (24,25). The tests were con ducted under dim red light (44 lux).

Elevated plus maze test

The apparatus consisted of two open arms (0.5 x 0.1 m) and two closed arms (0.5 x 0.1 x 0.4 m) arranged such that the two arms of each type were op posite to each other, with a central plat form (0.1 x 0.1 m). The height of the maze was 0.5 m. The animals were ex posed for 5 min to the red light in their own home cages before the testing pro cedure. They were then individually placed on the central platform of the elevated plus maze facing an open arm. During a 5 min test period the animal behavior was recorded and the follo wing parameters were registered: time spent in open arms and the percentage of time spent in the open arms relative to the total time in the arms; number of entries into the open arms; percentage of open arm entries compared to total entries; time spent in the closed arms; number of entries into the closed arms and risk assessment (25). Risk assessment is a measure that accounts for the time spent head dipping (i.e., exploratory movements of the head/and shoulders over the side of the maze) and in a stretched attend pos ture (i.e., exploratory posture in which thebody is stret ched forward and then retracted to the original position without any forward locomotion). The measures that reflect anxiety likebehavior in this test are the entries into the open arms vs. closed arms and time spent on the open arms vs. closed arms. The anxiety behavior in this test is triggered by the high of the maze which evoke a greater strength of fear. The fear induces an avoidancebehavior, which in turn makes the animals prefer the closed arms (25). We also included etholo gically derived measures related to the defensive pat tern of risk assessment behavior, which has been shown to bevery sensitive to changes in anxiety (19, 26).

Open field test

The OF consisted of a black uncovered circular box (0.6 m diameter, 0.50 m height). Each rat was placed in the central area and allowed to freely explore the ap paratus for 5 min, being filmed during this time. Sub sequently we recorded the total ambulation time (i.e., movement from one location to another); total horizon tal locomotion, estimated by the number of squares crossed (every timeboth hind paws entered one square, a crossing was recorded); peripheral area ambulation time; peripheral area crossings; central area ambulation time; percentage of time spent in central area compa red to total ambulation time; crossings made to the cen ter of the field and percentage of crossings made to the center of the field in relation to total horizontal loco motion. Time spent immobile (i.e., completely immo bile), time spent rearing (the rat stood on its hind paws with its body at greater than a 45° angle to the floor) and time spent grooming (i.e., repetitive movements of the front paws or mouth on the fur) were also recorded. The measures that reflect anxiety likebehavior in this test are shorter horizontal locomotion (number of cros sings); greater time spent in the peripheral area; redu ced ambulation time; reduced central area ambulation time; and greater immobility time. The anxiety behavior in this test is triggered by the fact that it is an in dividual testing (the animal is apart from its group) and the area is very large in relation to the animal’s bree ding or natural environment, which is why they prefer the peripheral area, close to the wall. Anxiolytic treat ments decrease the stress induced inhibition of explo ratory behavior (24).

Antioxidant activity analysis

At the end of the experiments the animals were sacrificed by decapitation with guillotine (Insight® model EB271). Erythrocytes and plasma were prepared from wholeblood samples obtained from the rats. Wholeblood was collected and transferred to heparinized tubes for erythrocyte separation. Blood samples were centrifuged at 1,000×g (Luguimac® model LC 10), and plasma was removed by aspiration and frozen at – 80 °C until determination of thiobarbituric acid re active substances (TBA RS). Erythrocytes were was hed three times with cold saline solution (0.153 mol/L sodium chloride). Lysates were prepared by the addi tion of 1 mL of distilled water to 100 μL of washed erythrocytes and frozen at – 80 °C until determination of the antioxidant enzyme activities. For antioxidant enzyme activity determination, erythrocytes were fro zen and thawed three times and centrifuged at 13,500×g for 10 minutes. The supernatant was diluted in order to contain approximately 0.5 mg / mL of pro tein. TBA RS was measured following Ohkawa et al. method (27) and was determined by the absorbance in spectrophotometer (Metrolab® model 325 DB) at 535 nm. The results were expressed as nanomole of malon dialdehyde formed per milligram of protein. Catalase activity assay (CAT) was determined according Aebi method (28). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) disappea rance was continuously monitored with a spectropho tometer at 240 nm for 90 seconds. One unit of the enzyme is defined as 1 μmol of H2O2 consumed per minute, and the specific activity is reported as units (U) per mg of protein. Glutathione peroxidase activity assay (GSH Px) was determined by the method of Wendel (29), with some modifications. Tert butylhy droperoxide was used as substrate. Nicotinamide ade nine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) disappearance was continuously monitored with a spectrophotometer at 340 nm for 4 minutes. One GSH Px unit is defined as 1 μmol of NADPH consumed per minute, and spe cific activity is reported as units per mg of protein. Su peroxide dismutase assay (SOD) was determined by the pyrogallol auto oxidation method, as described by Marklund (30). The self oxidation of pyrogallol was continuously monitored with a spectrophotometer at 420 nm. The specific activity was expressed as unit per mg of protein. Protein determination was performed by the method of Lowry et al. (31), using bovine serum albumin as the standard.

Statistical analysis

The variables were expressed as means and stan dard deviations. The determination of the differences between the experimental groups was performed using analysis ofv
ariance (ANOVA), two tailed (food intake and body weight) and one tailed (other variables), with Tukey Kramer post test (for parametric data) or Krus kal Wallis test (for non parametric data). The Normality of variable distribution was assessed by Kolmogorov Smirnov test. All tests were performed with the software Statistic (StatSoft Inc®, version 6.0). Differences with p <0.05 were considered significant.

RESULTS

Effects of treatment on body weight and food intake

No significant alterations were observed in body weight, percentage of gained weight and weekly food intake. The food intake of the first and second weeks of trial did not differ from each other (data not shown).

Effects of treatment on behavior in the EPM and OF

No statistical differences were observed between groups in the parameters analyzed in the EPM test. The ANOVA revealed significant differences for some of the OF test variables (table 2). A larger number of peripheral crossings was verified for the CPMG and MG groups when compared to CG (p=0,035), even though the ambulation time in the peripheral area did not differ among the groups (p=0,161). Likewise, ani mals of CPMG and MG groups spent more time am bulating in the central area of the field than CPG and CG (p=0,003). The animals exposed to music and also those with the combination of music and cocoa showed higher percentage of time ambulating in the central area regarding the total ambulation time in relation to CPG and CG (p=0,007). Nevertheless, the number of crossings made to the central area did not differ bet ween the animals (p=0,061). The total horizontal loco motion (total number of crossings) performed by the CPMG and MG groups was greater than CG (p=0,025), and the average of this locomotion measure traveled by CPG was statistically the same as CG. The CPMG showed a total ambulation time higher than the GC group while the CPG and MG groups showed ave rage values equal to control (p=0,028). Considering the ethological measures analyzed, a significant decrease of immobility time was found in CPMG and MG groups when compared to the CG (F = 4,35; p=0,016) (Figure 1).

Effects of treatment on antioxidant serum activity

Serum concentrations of antioxidant markers and oxidative damage analysis at the end of the experiment (Figure 2) revealed that averages of TBA RS were inferior for the animals of CPMG, CPG and MG groups (F = 50,45; p<0,001) (Figure 2A). As to enzymatic activity, the average ac tivity of CAT was statistically superior for the CPMG group when compared to all the other groups (F= 6,73; p=0,002) (Figure 2B). The averages of GSH Px (F= 11,95; p<0,001) (Figure 2C) and SOD (F= 19,82; p<0,001) (Figure 2D) were superior for the CPMG and CPG groups when compared to the control.

DISCUSSION

In this study, the cocoa treatment as sociated or not to classical music did not cause alterations in body weight gain or animal food intake. Likewise, other authors did not verify changes to these variables when the same dose of polyphenols used in this study were administered (8,86 mg/kg) through cocoa polyphenolic extract (8). The cocoa mass treatment (250 mg/kg weight/day) also did not show al terations in body weight (10).

Regarding the EPM test, this study differs from one of our previous works using Mozart music in combina tion with medication (simvastatin), in which we observed an adjuvant effect of the interventions in reducing anxiety (19). A recent study published in pertinent lite rature may explain such differences in these results. Ac cording to Attoui et al. (18), when the animals were exposed to auditory stress (105 dB) and/or to predator odor for 10 minutes/day, during 7 days, associated to Mozart’s music 10 minutes before the EPM test, there was a reversion in the anxiety behavior and also a re duction in the levels of the adrenocorticotropic hor mone (ACTH) of the stressed rats, independent to the kind of stress to which they were submitted. It is believed that as the animals in this present study were not exposed to stress stimuli, there was no hormonal dere gulation to be reverted by the treatment with music, if we consider this the mechanism of action. However, it is relevant to emphasize that there were significant dif ferences in the OF test variables; an anxiety behavior model with different peculiarities regarding action me chanisms. Therefore, the necessity of applying not only one paradigm to evaluate stress or emotional anxiety to behavior studies is reinforced. During OF testing a new environment is used to determine general anxiolytic be havior and mobility levels in this paradigm serve as fi gures for a similar state of anxiety in rats, possessing sensitivity to serotonergic and benzodiazepine routes of action (acting on the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA  Gamma Aminobutyric acid) (24).

Either as a separate treatment or associated with cocoa powder, the classical music treatment promoted an increase in the total horizontal locomotion in the OF and also the horizontal peripheral locomotion, but did not affect the time spent in this region. It is also impor tant to highlight that both treatments significantly in creased the time spent in the central area of the field, and also the percentage of time spent in this area when compared to total ambulation time, which represents a rupture in the natural tendency of the rodents of moving to the peripheral area (24). In agreement to these results, it was found that the CPMG and MG groups had significant reduction in immobility time, when compared to CG.

Taking into account the results seen in the OF test and that we saw no differences in the animals behavior at the EPM, it is possible to indicate a mild anxiolytic effect associated with an exploratory activity stimula tion, because as said before, anxiolytic treatments de crease the stress induced inhibition of exploratory behavior at the OF (24). It is believed that this effect may be attributed mainly to classical music exposition, considering the results from CPMG and MG groups were similar, with exception to the total ambulation time (higher than the control group only in the associa ted treatment of cocoa powder and classical music). Si milar results were found in a study in which classical music in combination with simvastatin increased the ambulation time and total horizontal locomotion, also reducing the animal’s immobility time (19).

There isn't a consensus regarding the appreciation of music by animals, however this determination is not necessary, taking into account that many mechanisms used to test its effect on anxiety and stress have already been reported in the literature. Mozart's music increases dopamine (excitatory neurotransmitter) synthesis in thebrain. This is due to its high frequency accentuated sounds (4000 a 16000 Hz) compared to other classical music composers, endowing rats with greater neu rophysiologic effects, confirmed through alterations in autonomic responses such as blood pressure (17). Fur thermore, music also significantly activates various subcortical regions in humans, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc, cerebral area that plays a significant role in processing of motivation, pleasure, reward and reinforcement), the ventral tegmental area (VTA, processes reward when it receives dopamine) and the hypothalamus (region of thebrain that modulates autonomous responses such as cardiac frequency and bre athing, which alter when exposed to pleasant musical sounds). The elevated dopamine release in the vTA and NAc may be the neurochemical mechanism which can explain the reward feelings brought by music (16, 32). The stimulus of structures such as the amygdala, cor tex, hippocampus and hypothalamus by music and the way thebrain's attention channels are affected by soo thing auditory stimuli in a significant and distractive manner are also mentioned explanations (13). In addition to the previous consideration, a musical approach has shown regulatory effects on the HPA axis, by reducing the levels of ACTH in stressed rats (18), reducing salivary cortisol levels in humans under pre competition stress (15), as well as in the absence of stress (14). Stress shows consequences such as high blood pressure and endocrinal responses which lead to specific hormone release and also the activation of the sympathetic nervous system for the "fight or flight" res ponse, besides an immune response, showing alteration in markers such as Immunoglobulin A, interleukins (IL) 1,6 and 10 (13). The "fight or flight" response may be triggered by mental activity such as anxiety, stress, depression and feelings of despair. As previously dis cussed, music reduces stressful and anxious behavior (13) and it eases some of these systemic markings (not only the ACTH and cortisol), with the reduction of epi nephrine and IL 6 and also the elevation of the growth hormone (GH) in humans. It appears that this effect of music concerns neuroendocrine immune routes of ac tion (12,16).

In this study, besides the fact that the cocoa powder treatment did not provoke a statistically significant mo dification in animal behavior, it is important to note that, even not significantly different of control, it in creased the average of peripheral crossings as well as the total ambulation time reducing the animal's time of immobility. It is noteworthy that only the group which received cocoa powder in association with music de monstrated a greater total ambulation time compared to the control group. It is possible that there may havebeen an adjuvant effect between the treatments, which did not manifest statistically when they wereboth con ducted in an isolated manner. Pertaining the usage of the cocoa powder, aspects such as thebioavailability of the polyphenolic compounds, compromised by the food matrix, interaction with diet constituents, genetic factors, microbiota metabolism and the enzymatic ac tivity of the colon (7) should be taken into account, since the intake of the same dosage of total cocoa poly phenols caused behavioral alterations to rats in a previous study (8).

The use of cocoa in anxiety reduction is supported by the literature invarious courses of action. Because its bioactive compounds are elevated, it is believed that there may be a synergetic action between the compo nents in the production of the anxiolytic effect (10). Cocoa polyphenols havebeen associated to elevation in the monoaminergic neurotransmitters, similarly to antidepressant drugs. As evidenced in the work of Ya mada et al. (10) when chronically administered (14 days), the cocoa mass (100 mg/ kg weight) led to a ten dency, not significant, of increase in the total distance traveled in the OF (similar to the results in this study), a behavior which was associated to greater concentra tion of serotonin in the cortex, hippocampus and amyg dala. Messaoudi et al. (8) verified a smaller time of immobility of the animals submitted to forced swimming test when using cocoa polyphenol extract (24 mg/kg weight) for 14 days, however, no changes in the OF test. Such behavioral effect has been suggested to the quercetin (flavonoid), for acting in a similar manner to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors drugs such as tricyclic antidepressant.

Considering the existence of a direct correlation between oxidative stress and anxiety, thebrain's high susceptibility to oxidative stress and the already proven antioxidant efficiency of cocoa, it is possible that this may also be a way of reducing anxiety. When Sabogal Guaquetá et al. (9) administered quercetin (flavonoid present in cocoa) to rats (25 mg / kg), they were able to reverse the main histopathological markers of cog nitive and emotional dysfunction, besides demonstra ting anxious behavior reduction in the EPM test. Evidences that oxidative stress plays a causal role in the development of anxious behavior in rats has in creased, as well as the evidences that an antioxidant in tervention may revert such effects (23). The gene expression of antioxidant enzymes is different for an xious and non anxious rats in specific cerebral regions (20), just as oxidative stress provokes an imbalance to antioxidant enzyme activity in the hippocampus asso ciated to the anxious behavior in rats during the OF test (21). The same imbalance to the antioxidant defense was verified beyond the CNS, in many psychiatric di sorders (among which, anxiety) (22). In spite of the fact that cocoa has an already established role in antioxidant defense improvement, the same does not apply to clas sical music, once no work in the literature has directly evaluated peripheral antioxidant activity with this tre atment, within our knowledge.

In this study, all interventions, either associated or isolated, provoked a reduction to TBA RS levels in serum when compared to the control group (Figure 2A). The malondialdehyde, a secondary product of lipid peroxidation, reacts to the TBA and is measured colorimetrically through the TBA RS test (27). It was found that the cocoa powder, Mozart’s music and its as sociation reduced plasmatic lipid damage. Cocoa pow der itself contribute to a reduction in LDL cholesterol and the suppression of oxidized LDL in humans (6). The efficiency with which the polyphenols are incor porated to LDL surface, thus increasing the resistance of this particle to both oxygen radicals and chelating transitional metal ions, is an exogenous antioxidant me chanism suggested for such compounds (6). Furthermore, endogenous antioxidant activity was also altered by treatments with cocoa powder and clas sical music, verified through the increase of enzymatic activity in serum. The average activity of the CAT enzyme was statistically superior only for the group treated with cocoa powder and concurrently exposed to music (Figure 2B). The average activity of the GSH Px (Figure 2C) and the SOD (Figure 2D) enzymes were superior for the groups CPMG and CPG when compared to the others, which demonstrates an inhe rent effect of the cocoa powder. A cocoa powder enri ched diet elevated SOD and CAT activity in young rats in a work of Ramiro Puig et al. (33). Considering that the increase in CAT activity in our study was exclusive to the CPMG group, the existence of a common or synergetic mechanism between the interventions (cocoa and classical music) is probablebut still unex plored by science. In addition to this, the treatment with music reduced lipid peroxidation of the animals, pro bably through indirect mechanisms. A possible path way is the modulation of the HPA axis activity induced by Mozart’s music, because this has multiple systemic effects on stress markers (13) and thebalancebetween oxidation and antioxidation is affected by signs of the neuroendocrine stress response system (34).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we concluded that the cocoa powder, in the adopted dosage and used isolated, did not cause significant changes to animal behavior. Nevertheless, it did infer a tendency to a mild anxiolysis effect when combined to Mozart’s classical music. The treatment with classical music by itself did demonstrate a mild anxiolytic effect. Both treatments (cocoa powder and classical music) improved the serum antioxidant status. In view of the above, it is believed that the constituents of cocoa powder (specially the polyphenols) and Mo zart’s classical music may have acted together on the improvement of the antioxidant response and, possibly through this, on the anxious behavior of rats. This field of work needs further investigation in order to investi gate the correlation between oxidative stress and an xiety. A larger dose of cocoa is recommended in order to consider thebioavailability of the polyphenolic com pounds in the food matrix. Morebehavioral tests and also verification of antioxidant activity in structures of the central nervous system are recommended.

REFERENCES

1. Castillo ARGL, Recondo R, Asbahr FR, Manfro GG. Transtornos de ansiedade. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2000; 22 Suppl 2: 20 3.         [ Links ] Portuguese.

2. World Health Organization [internet]. Mental health ac tion plan 2013 2020. 2013. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/89966/1/9789241506021_eng.pdf . Accessed 17 May 2015.

3. Lopes LMB, Grigoleto ARL. Uso consciente de psico trópicos: responsabilidade dos profissionais da saúde. Bras J Health. 2011; 2(1): 1 14.         [ Links ] Portuguese.

4. Kessler RC, Soukup J, Davis RB, Foster DF, Wilkey SA, Rompay MIV et al. The Use of Complementary and Alternative Therapies to Treat Anxiety and Depres sion in the United States. Am J Psychiatry. 2001; 58(2): 289 94.         [ Links ]

5. Li Y, Fenga Y, zhua S, Luob C, Maa J, zhonga F et al. The effect of alkalization on thebioactive and flavor related components in commercial cocoa powder. J Food Compost Anal. 2012; 25(1): 17 23.         [ Links ]

6. Baba S, Natsume M, Yasuda A, Nakamura Y, Tamura T, Osakabe N et al. Plasma LDL and HDL Cholesterol and Oxidized LDL Concentrations Are Altered in Normo  and Hypercholesterolemic Humans after In take of Different Levels of Cocoa Powder. The J Nutr. 2007; 137(6): 1436 41.         [ Links ]

7. Lamuela Raventós RM, Romero Pérez AI, Andrés La cueva C, Tornero A. Review: Health Effects of Cocoa Flavonoids. Food Sci Technol Int. 2005; 11(3): 159 76.         [ Links ]

8. Messaoudi M, Bisson JF, Nejdi A, Rozan P, Javelot H. Antidepressant like effects of a cocoa polyphenolic ex tract in Wistar Unilever rats. Nutr Neurosci. 2008; 11(6): 269 76.         [ Links ]

9. Sabogal Guáqueta AM, Muños Manco JI, Cortes Ren dón N, Ramirez Pineda JR, Lamprea Rodriguez M, Osorio Durango E et al. Flavonoides como estrategia terapéutica en neurodegeneración: hallazgos y retos.v
itae. 2014; 21(1): Suppl S:26 27. Spanish.

10. Yamada T, Yamada Y, Okano Y, Terashima T, Yoko goshi H. Anxiolytic effects of short  and long term ad ministration of cacao mass on rat elevated T maze test. J Nutr Biochem. 2009; 20(12): 948 55.         [ Links ]

11. Pase MP, Scholey AB, Pipingas A, Kras M, Nolidin K, Gibbs A et al. Cocoa polyphenols enhance positive mood states but not cognitive performance: a randomi zed, placebo controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2013; 27(5): 451 8.         [ Links ]

12. Yamasaki A, Booker A, Kapurv
, Tilt A, Niess H, Li llemoe KD et al. The impact of music on metabolism. Nutrition. 2012; 28(11 12): 1075 80.

13. Yehuda N. Music and Stress. J Adult Dev. 2011; 18: 85 94.         [ Links ]

14. Bartlett D, Kaufman D, Smeltekop R. The Effects of Music Listening and Perceived Sensory Experiences on the Immune System as Measured by Interleukin 1 and Cortisol1. J Music Ther. 1993; 30(4): 194 209.         [ Links ]

15. John S,v
erma SK, Khanna GL. The Effect of Music Therapy on Salivary Cortisol as a Reliable Marker of Pre Competition Stress in Shooting Performance. JESP. 2010; 6(2): 70 7.

16. Conrad C, Niess H, Jauch KW, Bruns CJ, Hartl W, Wel ker L. Overture for growth hormone: requiem for in terleukin 6?. Crit Care Med. 2007; 35(12): 2709 13.         [ Links ]

17. Akiyama K, Sutoo D. Effect of different frequencies of music on blood pressure regulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neurosci Lett. 2011; 487(1): 58–60.         [ Links ]

18. Attoui N, Bouhali IE, Tayaa H, Habbachi W, Bairi A, Tahraoui A et al. Music Therapy Modulates Combined Predator and Noise Stress Induced Anxiety Likebehav
ior in Male Wistar Rat. Middle East Journal of Scien tific Research. 2015; 23(3): 374 377.

19. Camargo AM, Lima DD, Dal Magro DD, Seubert JK, Cruz JN, Cruz JGP. Adjuvant effects of classical music on simvastatin induced reduction of anxiety but not ob ject recognition memory in rats. Psychol Neurosci. 2013; 6(3): 403 10.         [ Links ]

20. Hovatta I, Tennant RS, Helton R, Marr RA, Singer O, Redwine JM et al. Glyoxalase 1 and glutathione reduc tase 1 regulate anxiety in mice. Nature 2005; 438: 662 6.         [ Links ]

21. De Oliveira MR, Silvestrin RB, Mello EST, Moreira JC. Oxidative stress in the hippocampus, anxiety likebehavior and decreased locomotory and exploratory ac tivity of adult rats: effects of sub acutev
itamin A sup plementation at therapeutic doses. Neurotoxicology. 2007; 28(6): 1191 9.

22. Ng F, Berk M, Dean O, Bush AI. Oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders: evidencebase and therapeutic implications. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 11(6): 851 76.         [ Links ]

23. Salim S, Sarraj N, Taneja M, Saha K, Tejada Simon MV, Chugh G et al. Moderate treadmill exercise prev
ents oxidative stress induced anxiety likebehavior in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2010; 208(2): 545 52.

24. Prut I, Belzung C. The open field as a paradigm to me asure the effects of drugs on anxiety likebehaviors: a review. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003; 463(1 3): 03 33.         [ Links ]

25. Pellow S, Chopin P, File DE, Briley M.v
alidation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J Neurosci Methods. 1985; 14(3): 149 67.

26. Carobrez AP, Bertoglio LJ. Ethological and temporal analyses of anxiety likebehavior: the elevated plus maze model 20 years on. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2005; 29(8): 1193 205.         [ Links ]

27. Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 1979; 95(2): 351 8.         [ Links ]

28. Aebi H. Catalase inv
itro. Methods in enzymology. 1984; 105: 121 6.

29. Wendel A. Glutathione peroxidase. Methods Enzymol.1981; 77: 325 33.         [ Links ]

30. Marklund SL. Direct assay of superoxide dismutase with potassium superoxide. In: Greenwald RA. Hand book of methods for oxygen radical research. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1985. p.249−55.         [ Links ]

31. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Pro tein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951; 193: 265 7.         [ Links ]

32. Menonv
, Levitin DJ. The rewards of music listening: response and physiological connectivity of the meso limbic system. Neuroimage. 2005; 28(1): 175 84.

33. Ramiro Puig E, Urpí Sardà M, Pérez Cano FJ, Franch A, Castellote C, Andrés Lacueva C et al. Cocoa enriched diet enhances antioxidant enzyme activity and modulates lymphocyte composition in thymus from young rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2007; 55(16): 6431 8.         [ Links ]

34. Spiers JG, Chen HC, Sernia C, Lavidis NA. Activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal stress axis indu ces cellular oxidative stress. Front Neurosci. 2014; 8(456): 1 6.         [ Links ]

35. Unicamp. Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimen tos. Universidade Estadual de Campinas: Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Alimentação (BR); 2004. http://www.unicamp.br/nepa/taco/contar/taco_4_edicao_ampliada_e_revisada.pdf?arquivo=taco_4_ver sao_ampliada_e_revisada.pdf . Acessed 07 June 2015.

Recibido: 07 11 2016 Aceptado: 17 01 2017